Cellular Adaptations

Question 1

Normal cell

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

Irreversible Injury leads to

Answer 2

Necrosis Apoptosis

Question 3

What are some Reversible Injury?

Answer 3

1. Cellular swelling
2. Fatty change
3. Decrease ATP
4. Mito swelling
5. Pyknosis
6. Membrane alterations (blebbing)

Question 4

Irreversible Cell Injury?

Answer 4

1. Same as Reversible plus
2. Increased Eosinophilia
3. Greater Nuclear Changes

Question 5

Necrosis

Answer 5

• Messy
• cell death assciated with membrane integrity and leakage of cellular contents
• creates local damage via inflammation

Question 6

Apoptosis

Answer 6

• Clean
• Programmed cell death
• Cell activates enzymes that degrades DNA and nuclear+ cyto proteins
• Plasma membrane remains intact and the cell is targeted by phagocutosis
• No inflammaoty reaction

Question 7

Which cell death creates an inflammation ?

Answer 7

Necrosis

Question 8

What does Necrosis do to the membrane?

Answer 8

Loss of membrand integrity and leakage of cellular contents

Question 9

What happens to the cell membrane with Apoptosis ?

Answer 9

Plasma membrane remains intact and cell is targeted by phagocytosis

Question 10

What are the 5 steps of Necrosis?

Answer 10

1. Damage to cell membrane
2. Swelling
3. membrane degradation
4. inflammation
5. fragmentation

Question 11

What are the 4 steps of Apoptosis

Answer 11

1. DNA fragmentation
2. Reduction of cell volume
3. Membrane Blebbing
4. Formation of apoptotic bodies

Question 12

Necrosis is generally the ….

Answer 12

result of a noxious stimulus

Question 13

Necrosis Morphology

Answer 13

1. Nuclear Changes
2. Cytoplasmic Changes ( membrane breaks)
3. Calcification

Question 14

Nuclear changes of Necrosis Processes

Answer 14

• Pyknosis
• Kayorrhexis
• Karyolysis

Question 15

Pyknosis

Answer 15

clumping of chromatin in the nucleus

Question 16

karyorrhexis

Answer 16

Necrosis nuclear change #2

Fragmentation of the nucleus, becomes more opaque

Question 17

karyolysis

Answer 17

Necrosis nuclear change #3

Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis

Question 18

Necrosis Morphology

(Cytoplasmic Changes)

Answer 18

Increased Eosinophilia as they bind to denatured protiens

Question 19

Necrosis Morphology

Calcification

Answer 19

• Dead cells can be phagocytosed or degraded into fatty acids.
• Fatty acids bind calcium, resulting in calcification.

Question 20

Nectosis Calcificaiton types

Answer 20

• Dystrophic calcification- can happen in any type of necrosis
  
  • Usually in atheroma with atherosclerosis
• Metabolic Calcification- Consequence of hypercalcemia. Can occur in any tissue
  
  • result of altered hormones ( vit D disorder)

Question 21

How can you tell if necrosis is occuring?

Answer 21

Gross apprearance

Fibrinoid requires histological examination

Question 22

Patterns of Tissue Necrosis

(6)

Answer 22

1. Coagulative necrosis
2. Liquefactive necrosis
3. Caseous necrosis
4. Fat necrosis
5. Fibrinoid necrosis
6. Gangrenous necrosis

Question 23

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 23

Occurs in:

• Kidneys
• Heart
• Spleen
• Adrenal Glands

Protein denaturation →albumin becomes opaque

Question 24

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 24

Occurs: Neurons and glial cells of the brain

How: Hydrolytic enymes make brain mushy

due to infection and hypoxia

Question 25

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 25

Occurs: Lungs How: Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis → granuloma (common factor due to TB)

Question 26

Fat Necrosis

Answer 26

Where: **Pancreas** , Breast and other abdominal organs How: lipases Sponificaton→ binding of FFA and Ca++

Question 27

Fibrinoid Necrosis

Answer 27

Where: Ateries How: Antigens and Antibodies are deposited in the walls of the arteries

Question 28

Gangrenous Necrosis 1. Result from 2. Where 3. types

Answer 28

1. Result from Hypoxia 2. Limbs not organs 3. Dry vs Wet

Question 29

Dry Gangrenous Necrosis

Answer 29

1. Insufficient Blood 2. Coagulative 3. Dry, Crusty, Black

Question 30

Wet Gangrenous Necrosis

Answer 30

1. Infection 2. Liguefactive Necrosis 3. Cold, Swollen, Black 4. Foul Odor (Pus)

Question 31

Apoptosis Regulated by

Answer 31

Internal cellular SIgnals Helps maintain healthy tissue

Question 32

Apoptosis Morphology

Answer 32

Cell Shrinkage Pyknosis→Condensing DNA Apoptotic Bodies

Question 33

Causes of Apoptosis

Answer 33

Physiologic and Pathologic

Question 34

Two Mechanisms of Apoptosis are

Answer 34

Mitochondrial (Intrinsic) Death Receptor (Extrinsic)

Question 35

All Apoptosis Mechanisms lead to activation of

Answer 35

**_Caspases_** Nuclear fragmentation via endonuclease Cytoplasmic blebing Formaton of apoptotic bodies Phagocytosis of above

Question 36

Mitochondrial (intrinsic) Apoptosis

Answer 36

Depends on mitochondria membrane Permeability * Controlled by inhibition of BCL-2 * Cytochrome C (activated apoptosis) * Leads to caspases

Question 37

Death Receptor (Extrinsic) Apoptosis

Answer 37

Death Receptors(TNF) are activated →leads to caspases TNF-tumor necrosis factor

Question 38

What creates pores in mitochondria (Mito apoptosis) ?

Answer 38

Bax/Bak (activation)

Question 39

Apoptosis vs. Autophagy

Answer 39

Apoptosis→destroys the whole cells Autophagy→ lysosomal digestion of part of the cell's own components (nutrient deprivation)

Question 40

Hypoxia

Answer 40

Oxygen deprivation →Decrease in ATP 1. Failure of Na/K pump and Ca pump 2. Cellular Swelling 3. Reduced pH

Question 41

In Hypoxia where are the na/k and ca concentrations

Answer 41

na andd ca increase inside the cells, k outside causing cell to swell →cell to lyse

Question 42

Oxygen deprivation causes

Answer 42

ischemia hypoxia anoxia

Question 43

which causes of oxygen deprivation leads to a decrease in ATP?

Answer 43

Hypoxia Anoxia

Question 44

Decrease in ATP leads to

Answer 44

- Failure of ion pumps - cellular swelling - reduced pH

Question 45

when the ion pumps fail where are the concentrations of Na , K and Ca the greatest?

Answer 45

Na and Ca [high] INSIDE the cell K [high} OUTSIDE the cell

Question 46

Anoxia

Answer 46

total lack of oxygen (embolism)

Question 47

ischemia

Answer 47

reduced blood supply ( gradual arterial obstruction )

Question 48

In oxygen deprivation most damage occurs from...

Answer 48

mitochondrial dysfunction free radiacal production

Question 49

what is the result from damge due to mitochondal dysfunction and free radcal production

Answer 49

- lipid peroxidation - alteration of proteins - alteration of dna

Question 50

how does a lack of oxygen effect the ETC ?

Answer 50

oxygen is the final electron exceptor no oxygen→oxygen radicals appear

Question 51

what is a common consequence of hypoxia ?

Answer 51

mitochondrial Swelling