Cellular Adaptations

Question 1

Cellular adaptations?

Answer 1

• cells adapt to changes in workload and adverse conditions
• short term (usually)
• In diseases, cellular adaptations are long term.

Question 2

List an example of a short term cellular adaptation.

Answer 2

Increased demand on heart from exercise, need more O2 and blood supply so HR increases.

Question 3

Atrophy?

Answer 3

Decrease in size (d/t decreased workload & adverse environment) of cell or decrease in number of cells.

Question 4

What are some attributes of atrophy?

Answer 4

• Lower level of functioning (minimal resource supply, inadequate perfusion)
• Decrease in tissue mass & function [d/t decrease in size and/or number of cells.

Question 5

What would you do when cells can’t replicate?

Answer 5

You would decrease the size (atrophy)

Question 6

Hyperplasia?

Answer 6

Increase in number of cells.

Question 7

What are some attributes of hyperplasia?

Answer 7

• Higher level of functioning
• Increase in tissue mass
• compensatory or pathologic
• muscle cell DO NOT do this (muscle cells do not multiply) *
• can replicate*

Question 8

Can hyperplasia occur in muscle cells? Why or why not?

Answer 8

No, because muscle cells do not multiply.

Question 9

Hypertrophy?

Answer 9

Increase in cell size and function.

Question 10

What are some attributes of hypertrophy?

Answer 10

• higher level of functioning (d/t the increase in cell size, mass and workload)
• increase in tissue mass
• CAN be compensatory or pathologic
• CAN’T replicate *

Question 11

Can hypertrophy replicate?

Answer 11

NO

Question 12

What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 12

• Hyperplasia is an increase in the NUMBER of cells and can replicate where as hypertrophy is in an increase in the cell SIZE and cannot replicate.

Question 13

Can hyperplasia replicate?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

Metaplasia?

Answer 14

Replacing 1 tissue/cell type with another tissue/cell type. (both are normal except the replacing tissue doesn’t belong in that area of the body)

Question 15

What are some attributes of metaplasia?

Answer 15

• adaptive change not pathologic

- occurs after an area is persistently irritated d/t chronic irritation and inflammation

Question 16

List an example of metaplasia occurring.

Answer 16

Smoking irritates the lining of the respiratory tract, creates new tissue.

• pseudostratified ciliated columnar have goblet cells that secrete mucus and cilia that beat in the opposite direction of the throat so mucus is spit up (the Muco-ciliary blanket).
• Smoking irritates the cells and deeper layers
• metaplasia replaces this single-layer tissue with several-layered tissues
• this new tissue (stratified squamous) does not have cilia to beat away secretions, which causes problems (‘smokers cough’)

Question 17

What is a result of the following example of metaplasia.
- If gastric acid damage occurs in the digestive tract and single layer cells are replaced with multi-layered cells that lack villi.

Answer 17

Then absorption is decreased.

Question 18

Dysplasia?

Answer 18

Tissue with abnormal cell size, shape and organization (disorganization of the tissue)

Question 19

What are some of the attributes of dysplasia?

Answer 19

• cells divide and differentiate (change shape)
• Normal division but abnormal differentiation
• varied cell size, shape and organization
• warning sign for abnormal changes (often pre-cancerous) [known as the precursor of cancer]

Question 20

Anaplasia?

Answer 20

Advanced form of dysplasia

Question 21

What are some of the attributes of anaplasia?

Answer 21

• undifferentiated cells (can’t do normal function)
• variable structure
• associated with cancer

Question 22

Why does cell death occur?

Answer 22

• the body creates a balance between forming and removing cells
• some cells die after a certain amount of time or a certain amount of divisions
• cell death is NORMAL (body needs to replace old cells)

Question 23

Necrosis?

Answer 23

Cell death due to injury

Question 24

What are some of the attributes of necrosis?

Answer 24

• it is cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism
• Abnormal / not expected
• interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration
• triggers the inflammatory process

Question 25

Apoptosis?

Answer 25

Programmed cell death and selective removal of aged/injured/abnormal cells

Question 26

What are some of the attributes of apoptosis?

Answer 26

- usually normal - removes cells so new cells can replace them (controls tissue regeneration) - maintains integrity of the plasma membrane and DOES NTO CAUSE INFLM

Question 27

How does necrosis differ from apoptosis?

Answer 27

Necrosis differs from apoptosis because it causes loss of cell membrane integrity and enzymatic breakdown of cell parts which triggers the inflammatory process. It also differs from apoptosis in that is caused by cell death due to injury making it abnormal/not expected to occur. Where as apoptosis is programmed cell death, selective removal of aged/injured/abnormal cells.

Question 28

What is the following example a result of? A cell is expected to live 90 days but dies after 10 days.

Answer 28

Necrosis

Question 29

What does the prefix "meta" mean?

Answer 29

After

Question 30

What does the suffix "plasia" mean?

Answer 30

Formation/growth

Question 31

What does the prefix "dys-" mean?

Answer 31

Abnormal

Question 32

What does the prefix "ana-" mean?

Answer 32

On or above