What is immunity:
Resistance of macroorganisms against infectious agents, foreign cells and their products
What is the division of immunity:
- Specific and Non-specific
- Humoral and Cellular
- Active and Passive
Specific immunity:
- Acquired
- Adaptive
Non-specific immunity:
- Natural
- Inherited
What are some factors causing Secondary Immunodeficiencies:
External Factors
* Non-infectious (nutrition, stress, drugs, trauma)
* Infectious (viruses, bacteria, parasites)
Internal Factors
* Physiological (pregnancy, age, ..)
* Pathological (metabolic or endocrine disorders, tumours)
What are the clinical signs indicating secondary immunodeficiency:
- Occurrence of chronic and recurrent infection
- Concurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections
- Diseases caused by microbes that are usually apathogenic
- Outbreak of disease after vaccination
- Failure to respond to antibiotics or chemotherapeutic therapy
What are some consequences of Immunodeficiency:
- Increased neonatal morbidity and mortality
- Opportunist infection
- Recurrent infection resistant to therapy
- Insufficient immune response after vaccination (insufficient protection)
- Signs of diseases after utilisation of MLV (Murine Leukaemia Virus ???)
Steps of Phagocytosis:
- Chemotaxis
- Adherence
- Ingestion
- Digestion
Test used to evaluate Chemotaxis:
Chemotaxis un agarosis
Tests used to evaluate Ingestion of Phagocytes:
- Ingestion of bacteria, yeast, particles - MSHP
Test used to evaluate Digestion of Phagocytes:
NBT
Mechanisms of immunosuppression induced by intracellular bacteria:
Phagocytosis Inhibition
* Adherence inhibition
* Fusion lysosyme
* Escape from phagolysosome into cytoplasma
* Resistance to lysosomal enzymes
* Alveolar macrophages killing and inhibition of respiratory burst
Immunosuppressive mechanisms of Extracellular bacteria:
Phagocytosis inhibition
Negative alteration of complement cascade
B-Lymphocytes belong to:
Humoral immunity
- differentiation into memory and plasma cells (Antibody production)
T-Lymphocyte belong to:
- Cellular immunity
-differentiation into memory or effector cells (cytokine production)
CD 3, CD 4 and CD 8 belong to:
T-Lymphocytes
C 22 belongs to:
B-Lymphocytes
Methods to evaluate Lymphocyte function:
- Flow cytometry (Monoclonal Ab)
- Fluorescence technique ( Monoclonal Ab + FITC)
- Proliferation activity-blasttransformation test (after mitogenstimulation
- Spectrophotometric evaluation (BrDu assay, MTT)
- Spectrofluorometric evaluation (ethidium bromide test)
- Radiometric (tymidine incorporation test)
Mitogens:
- PHA
- ConA
- Pokeweed
Which bacteria causes Pyoderma:
Staphylococcus intermedius
