Cellular Respiration

Question 1

How Much NADH+ is made from the Krebs Cycle

Answer 1

6 NADH+ is made from 2 turns of the cycle while 3 NADH+ from one turn.

Question 2

What are Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions?

Answer 2

Redox reactions — reactions in which there’s a simultaneous transfer of electrons from one chemical species to another — are really composed of two different reactions: oxidation (a loss of electrons) and reduction (a gain of electrons)

Question 3

Glycolysis definintion + summary

Answer 3

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid (pyruvate).

2 ATP used
4 ATP made
NET GAIN OF 2 ATP
2 NADH made
2 pyruvate

Question 4

Define The Krebs Cycle

Answer 4

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.

6 NADH
2 ATP
4 CO2
2 FADH2

Question 5

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)how much atp

Answer 5

An electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane.Creates a battery to turn ATP Syntase

CREATES 34 ATP

Question 6

What is the final Electron (e-) acceptor in the ETC

Answer 6

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which allows for oxidative phosphorylation. Without oxygen, the electrons will be backed up, eventually causing the electron transport chain to halt.

Question 7

What all does Krebs Cycle Produce (Summary of Krebs)

Answer 7

The Krebs Cycle produces 14 products:
ATP=2
NADH+H=6
FADH2=2
CO2=4
Note: After the krebs cycle no more CO2 is left in the glucose molecule.

Question 8

Formula for Cellular Respiration?

Answer 8

C6H12O6+6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (energy is stored in the bonds of ATP)

Question 9

How much ATP does one glucose molecule make?

Answer 9

Each glucose molecule make about 36-38 ATP, but it depends one the organism.

Question 10

How much NET ATP is made in each cycle (the 3 steps)

Answer 10

Glycolysis - 2 ATP
Krebs - 2 ATP
ETC - 34 ATP

Question 11

What is Aerobic Respiration

Answer 11

Aerobic Respiration is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food. This type of respiration is common in most of the plants and animals, birds, humans, and other mammals.

Question 12

What is Anaerobic Respiration? Example?

Answer 12

Anaerobic respiration is the process of cellular respiration without the presence of O2 to produce energy. An example of this process is fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, or alcohol fermentation.
It is less efficient than aerobic as it makes less energy

Question 13

How are the electrons carried to the ETC?

Answer 13

The electrons are carried into the chain via. NADH and FADH2

Question 14

What is the goal of the ETC?

Answer 14

The goal of the ETC is to produce a concentration gradient or membrane potential. A proton motive force.

- create water
- create ATP
- create gradient

Question 15

What is the start of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 15

The krebs cycle starts with 2 molecule of Acetyl CoA which came from the 2 molecules of pyruvate which were made via Glycolysis

Question 16

How is Acetyl CoA made?

Answer 16

Acetyl CoA is made by the release of CO2 as it is a metabolic waste, and the NAD+ acceptor which accept a hydrogen from the pyruvate to make it NADH, and hence Acetyl CoA is formed and goes into the krebs cycle.
You also have to add Coenzyme A or CoA

Question 17

What is another word for the Krebs cycle?

Answer 17

The krebs cycle was named after the professor Dr. krebs, but as we see, the second step of the cycle is the 6 cabron molecule citrate, so it is also called the Citric Acid Cycle. Also called triboxylic acid cycle

Question 18

What is the regenerator for the Krebs cycle? It makes it repeat continuously.

Answer 18

The “regenerator” for the Krebs cycle is oxaloacetate. It is a 4 carbon sugar that joins with Acetyl CoA to make Citrate and repeat the process.

Question 19

In the Krebs cycle, how much CO2 is released from it?

Answer 19

4 CO2 is released from X2 krebs cycle, one from the 6 carbon citrate to the 5 carbon molecule, and from the 5 carbon molecule to the 4 carbon molecule oxaloacetate , or the “regenerator” of the Krebs, take note that the krebs cycle goes 2 times so 2x2 — > 4

Question 20

What is Acetyl CoA ?

Answer 20

Acetyl CoA is a Enzyme helper (coenzyme) like Vitamin B) it is rich in energy because of its instability

Question 21

What is Substrate-level phosphorylation?

Answer 21

the direct formation of ATP or GTP by transferring a phosphate group from a high energy compound to an ADP or GDP molecule.

Question 22

Prep Phase Summary - What does it make (byproducts)

Answer 22

2 Acetyl CoA
2 NADH+H+
2 CO2

Question 23

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

Answer 23

In the matrix of the Mitochondria

Question 24

Where does Glycolysis take place?

Answer 24

In the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 25

Where does the ETC take place?

Answer 25

In the cristae of the mitochondria

Question 26

What is Alcohol fermentation?

Answer 26

the anaerobic transformation of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The process is conducted by yeasts and a few bacteria

Question 27

What is Lactic acid Fermentation?

Answer 27

a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP. Lactic Acid is also made as a byproduct.

Question 28

What does the final O2 acceptor do at the end of ETC

Answer 28

It combines with 2 hydrogens to make H20 or water

Question 29

What is the final Hydrogen acceptor of the ETC? What does the acceptor do?

Answer 29

Oxygen (O2), it combines with electrons and protons to form water.

Question 30

How does the ATP synthase work?

Answer 30

As the protons move across the ATP synthase protein channel, the ADP picks up a phosphate from the H+(proton) and turns it into ATP, in summary it makes ATP. This is called chemiosmosis

Question 31

After ATP synthase, where does the ATP go?

Answer 31

The ATP is transported by facilitated diffusion out of the mitochondria and into the cells cytoplasm.

Question 32

What do the protons that were sent to the inner membrane space do?

Answer 32

the protons that were sent to the inner membrane space, come back into the mitochondria through the inner mitochondrial membrane via ATP synthase and makes ATP

Question 33

Cells that don't have O2 and only go through glycolysis are donated to organic molecules through a process called what-->?

Answer 33

Fermentation, a process that recycles NAD+, the electron acceptor for glycolysis to proceed.

Question 34

What accepts electrons from glycolysis ?

Answer 34

NAD+

Question 35

After the Krebs Cycle, exactly how much CO2 is left in the glucose molecule?

Answer 35

0 carbon dioxide is left after the krebs cycle releasing all 4 CO2 molecules.

Question 36

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 36

Phosphorylation is the addition/attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule, Example ADP ----->+P----> ATP

Question 37

What is oxidation?

Answer 37

Oxidation is the loss of a electron from a molecule. Pyruvate is oxidized prior in entering into the Krebs Cycle. It is oxidized into Acetyl CoA

Question 38

What is reduction?

Answer 38

Reduction is the gaining of an electron to a molecule.

Question 39

Where do the oxidation-reduction reactions happen?(redox)

Answer 39

It happens in the ETC as the e- move down the ETC.

Question 40

Summary of Cellular Respiration ---> click reveal answer (space)

Answer 40

Glycolysis: Happens in cytoplasm glucose to pyruvate net of 2 ATP 2 ATP made 2 NADH+H+ PREP PHASE: happens in Matrix Creates NO ATP 2 CO2 2 Acetal-CoA 2 NADH ELECTRON TRANSPORT: Creates battery by using Oxidation-Reduction Cycles Happens in Cristae and inner mitochondrial space Creates 34 ATP NADH makes 3 ATP FAD2 Makes 2 ATP Makes ATP via ATP Synthase GOAL TO CREATE A BATTERY Krebs Cycle: happens in the matrix of the mitochondria Creates 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH2 4 CO2 Goal is to oxidize glucose Needs Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate = Citrate ATP made through substrate-level phosphorylation makes energy in form of NADH and FADH2 Carriers electrons and protons to the ETC via NADH and FADH2

Question 41

Before entering krebs, pyruvate is _______.

Answer 41

Oxidized

Question 42

oxidative vs substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 42

Oxidative phosphorylation happens in the ETC only and substrate level happens in glycolysis + citric acid reactions