Cellular structure and function

Question 1

state cell theory

Answer 1

1. all organisms and their products are made up of cells
2. all cells come from pre existing cells
3. The cell is the most basic organisational unit of life

Question 2

Characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 2

• small unicellular
• simple cell structure
• large SA:V
• no membrane bound organelles or nucleus

Question 3

Characteristics of eukaryote

Answer 3

• make up multicellular organism
• larger and more complex than pro
• distinct membrane bound organelles

Question 4

Animals vs plant cells

Answer 4

• plants have cell walls, chloroplast, large central vacuole

Question 5

advantages of being multicellular

Answer 5

• more energy efficient
  -longer lifespan
• sexual reproduction
• better specialisation
• allows for adapting to short and long term changes in enviro

Question 6

Nucleus structure and function

Answer 6

• membrane bound
• contains DNA
• contains hereditary information
• in animals and plants

Question 7

Ribosomes structure and function

Answer 7

• composed of ribosomal RNA
• location of protein synthesis
• found in cytoplasm or RER
• inplants and animals

Question 8

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

• processes and modifies proteins
• Ribosomes on RER
• plant and animal

Question 9

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

• membrane bound
• contains lipids for lipid synthesis
• plant and animal

Question 10

Lysosomes

Answer 10

• “rubbish bin of cell”- specialised vesicles that digest unwanted matter
• animal cells
• membrane bound

Question 11

Golgi apparatus

Answer 11

• processes and packages proteins in vesicles that are exported out of the cell
• membrane bound
  -plant and animal

Question 12

Mitochondria

Answer 12

• obtains energy from organic compounds -releases energy from organic compound
• contains DNA
• membrane bound
• Plants and animals

Question 13

Chloroplast

Answer 13

• contains chlorophyll
• contains DNA
• specialised for photosynthesis as it uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose
• in plants

Question 14

equation for photosynthesis (cellular respiration)

Answer 14

6C02 + 12H0 –> C6H1206+602+6H20

Question 15

Vacuole

Answer 15

• large in plants small in animals
• fluid filled vesicle
• stores substances and involved in cell structure in plants

Question 16

plastid

Answer 16

• plants
  -develops from proplasts
  -synthesises and stores organic molecules
• DNA

Question 17

centrioles

Answer 17

• involved in cell division and the formation of cell structures such as flagella and cillia
• small structure in cytoplasm, consisting of microtubules
• Sometimes in plants always in animals

Question 18

Cilia and Flagella

Answer 18

• external structure consisting of microtubules
• helps with motility- movement of substances across cell surface

Question 19

Cytoskeleton (not and organelle)

Answer 19

• internal support and transport network
• movement and stability
• not in prokaryote

Question 20

Cell wall (not an organelle)

Answer 20

• external structure surrounding pm
• protects the cell and is apart of cell structure

3 diff types
- plant- cellulose
- fungal- chitin
-prokaryote- murein

Question 21

SA:V ratio in relation to diffusion and how to overcome decreasing SA:V

Answer 21

higher SA:V the faster the rate of diffusion/exchange

overcome decerasing SA:V
- become multicellular
- cell compartmentalisation
- flattened shape
- pm extensions

Question 22

plasma membrane def

Answer 22

a bilayer of phospholipids that encloses the cells contents and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 23

permeability def

Answer 23

ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through

Question 24

cell fluid name and function

Answer 24

intercellular fluid
cytosol- liquid part of cytoplasm
cytoplasm- entire contents of cell minus nucleus

Question 25

phospholipid structure

Answer 25

phosphate hydrophilic head and lipid hydrophobic tail

Question 26

cholesterol

Answer 26

located between phospholipids making the membrane more stable and have less fluid as it decreases permeability to small water soluble substances without the membrane breaks down

Question 27

carbohydrates

Answer 27

- structure on the outside of the cell - protein + carbohydrate = glycoprotein - lipid+ carbohydrate= glycolipid - play a role in the recognition and adhesion of other cells, antibodies, hormones and viruses

Question 28

3 types of proteins in the Pmem

Answer 28

- integral-permanent feature of membrane - peripheral- temporary feature of membrane - tans membrane- span both phospholipid layers

Question 29

channel and carrier proteins

Answer 29

channel- enable water soluble molecules to enter the cell through facilitated diffusion carrier- enable large molecules to enter the cell by facilitated diffusion or active transport

Question 30

types of passive transport and defs

Question 31

diffusion and type of transport

Answer 31

- passive passive movement of molecules along a concentration gradient from a region of high to low solute concentration

Question 32

osmosis and type of transport

Answer 32

- passive transport - osmosis- passive movement of water through a partially permeable membrane, from a region of low to high solute - hypertonic- higher concentration of solute - isotonic - equal solution concentration - hypotonic- lower concentration of solute

Question 33

facilitated diffusion and type of transport

Answer 33

- passive transports proteins embedded throughout the membrane that provide a passage for many particles unable to pass via simple diffusion channel protein - tunnel carrier proteins- bind to molecules to change shape for specificity (conformation)

Question 34

factors affecting rate of diffusion

Answer 34

- temp- higher=faster -particle size- smaller=faster -concentration- the greater the conc the faster rate of diffusion

Question 35

bulk transport and type of transport

Answer 35

- active transport (ATP) -larger molecules can be transported in bulk -endo and exocytosis

Question 36

endo and exocytosis

Answer 36

exocytosis-movement of substance out of cell endocytosis- movement of substance out of cell -pinocytosis - entry of substances from the extracellular fluid -phagocytosis- entry of large particles (bacteria white blood cells, debris)