What composes the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What are the general functions of the CNS?
Conscious and reflexive motor and sensory
Steps of Embryonic Development
- Neural tube
- Primary brain vesicles
- Secondary brain vesicles
- Adult brain structures
- Adult neural canal regions
Primary brain vesicles
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
Secondary brain vesicles
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
Adult brain structures
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalon
- Brain stem: midbrain
- Brain stem: pons
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem: medulla oblongata
- Spinal cord
Adult neural canal regions
- Lateral ventricles
- Third ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct
- Fourth ventricle
- Central canal
What are the major features of the brain?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem (midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata)
- Diencephalon
Cerebrum (telencephalon)
Function: speech, language, thought, emotion, interprets visual and spatial info
Lobes: frontal, parietals, occipital, temporals
-Corpus callosum: thick nerve tract that connects two cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum
Function: coordinates muscle movement and controls balance
Brainstem (midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata)
Function: reflexes and crucial, basic life functions (HR, breathing, BP)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
Function: relay info to appropriate brain centers for processing, control pituitary hormones
What are the cerebral hemisphere features?
- Fissures
- Gyro
- Sulci
What are fissures?
-major divisions between lobes and cerebellum
-longitudinal fissure, lateral fissure, and transverse fissure
-cortex projects into longitudinal fissure
What are gyri?
Convolutions on surface of brain
What are sulci?
Grooves between gyri
What are the frontal lobe functions?
-personality
-analysis
-executive
-voluntary motor
-frontal eye fields (tracking)
-speech (Broca’s area)
What are parietal lobe functions?
-somatosensory
-spatial analysis (orientation)
-navigation
-self-image (neglect)
-written to spoken word
What are the occipital lobe functions?
-visual cortices (primary, secondary, tertiary)
-optical seizures (flashes)
What are the temporal lobe functions?
-new memories (hippocampus and amygdala)
-auditory cortex
-emotional response
-language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
-seizures (Focal)
What and where are Insula lobes?
-cortex folded deep into lateral fissure (insula > insulation > deep)
What are the functions of the Insula lobes?
-consciousness
-self awareness
-homeostasis (autonomic)
-perception
-limbic connections
-social emotions
-morality
