BRS2 Neurology > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the folds of the cerebral cortex

A
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2
Q

What covers the surface of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex

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3
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Regulating and initiating motor function
  • Language
  • Cognitive functions (executive)
  • Attention
  • Memory
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4
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Touch and pain sensation
  • Sensory aspect of language
  • Spatial orientation and self-perception
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5
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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6
Q

Which type of matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies and ganglia?

A

Grey Matter

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7
Q

What are the functions of the limbic lobe?

A
  • Learning
  • Memory
  • Emotion
  • Motivation
  • Reward
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8
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Processing auditory information
  • Emotion
  • Memory
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9
Q

Where is the insular cortex located?

A

Deep within lateral fissure

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10
Q

Which structures does the limbic lobe include?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Mammilary body
  4. Cingulate gyrus
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11
Q

What are the functions of the insular cortex?

A
  • Visceral sensations
  • Autonomic control
  • Interoception
  • Auditory Processing
  • Visual vestibular integration
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12
Q

What is the structure in green?

A

Insular cortex

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13
Q

Which type of matter is composed of myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts?

A

White Matter

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14
Q

What is the plane of the section?

A

Coronal

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15
Q

What is the plane of the section?

A

Horizontal or Axial

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16
Q

Tracts within which matter connect cortical areas?

A

White Matter

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17
Q

What are white matter tracts?

A
  1. Association fibres
  2. Commisural fibres
  3. Projection fibres
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18
Q

Which white matter tract connect areas within the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibres

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19
Q

What are the 4 main association fibres?

A
  1. Superior Longitudunal Fasciculus
  2. Arcuate Fasciculus
  3. Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
  4. Uncinate Fasciculus
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20
Q

Which lobes does Superior Longitudunal Fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal, Parietal and Occipital

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21
Q

Which lobes does Arcuate Fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal and Temporal - through Parietal

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22
Q

Which lobes does Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus connect?

A

Temporal and Occipital

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23
Q

Which lobes does Uncinate Fasciculus connect?

A

Frontal and Temporal

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24
Q

What is the function of SLF?

A

Coordinating complex cognitive, sensory and motor functions

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25
What is the function of Arcuate Fasciculus according to the cortical areas it connects?
Connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas - understanding and production of language
26
What is the function of ILF?
Visual memory
27
What is the function of Uncinate Fasciculus?
* Emotional processing * Memory * Social behaviour
28
Which white matter tract connect homologous structures in left and right hemispheres?
Commisural fibres
29
What are the 2 commisural fibres?
1. Corpus Callosum 2. Anterior Comissure
30
Which white matter tract connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)?
Projection fibres
31
What are the projection fibres transmitting sensory signals to the brain called?
Afferent projection fibres
32
What are the projection fibres transmitting motor signals away from the brain called?
Efferent projection fibres
33
What is the fan-shaped bundle of fibres that consists of both afferent and efferent fibres called?
Corona Radiata
34
What is the name of the blue structure?
Corona Radiata
35
Through which structure do the afferent and efferent fibres converge?
Internal Capsule
36
What is the V-shaped bundle of projection fibres that sits between the thalamus and the basal ganglia called?
Internal Capsule
37
What is this structure called?
Internal Capsule
38
What is this structure called?
Internal Capsule
39
What are the 2 categories of cortices?
1. Primary cortices 2. Secondary cortices
40
Which type of cortices have predictable function, topographic organisation and left-right symmetry?
Primary cortices
41
Which type of cortices have less predictable function, no topographic organisation and weak symmetry?
Secondary cortices
42
In which lobe are the motor cortices found?
Frontal lobe
43
What are the names of motor cortices?
1. Primary motor cortex 2. Premotor area 3. Supplementary motor area
44
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
* Controlling fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements * Providing descending signals to execute movements
45
What is the function of premotor area?
Planning movements (externally cued)
46
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Precentral gyrus
47
What is the function of the supplementary motor area?
Planning complex movements (internally cued)
48
What are external cues?
Movements resulting from reaction to external stimuli
49
What are internal cues?
Movements driven by an internal decision or memory
50
Where do the premotor and supplementary motor areas lie with respect to the primary motor cortex?
Anterior to the primary cortex
51
What are the names of somatosensory cortices?
1. Primary somatosensory cortex 2. Somatosensory association area
52
What is the function of primary somatosensory cortex?
Processing the sensory information arising from receptors in the body
53
In which lobe are the somatosensory cortices found?
Parietal lobe
54
What types of sensations do the primary somatosensory complex process?
Tactile sensations (e.g. fine touch, vibration, proprioception, pain and temperature)
55
What is the function of the somatosensory association area?
* Interpreting significance of sensory information (e.g. recognising an object placed in the hand) * Awareness of self and personal space
56
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus
56
In which lobe are the visual cortices found?
Occipital lobe
57
What are the names of visual cortices?
1. Primary visual cortex 2. Visual association area
58
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Processing visual stimuli
59
What is the function of visual association area?
Providing meaning and interpretation to the visual input
60
What are the names of auditory cortices?
1. Primary auditory cortex 2. Auditory association area
61
In which lobe are the auditory cortices found?
Temporal lobe
62
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Processing auditory stimuli
63
What is the function of auditory association?
Providing meaning and interpretation to the auditory input
64
What are 3 most common association areas (excluding motor, sensory, visual and auditory)?
1. Prefrontal cortex 2. Broca's area 3. Wernicke's area
65
In which lobe is the prefrontal cortex found?
Frontal lobe
66
In which lobe is Broca's area found?
Frontal lobe
67
In which lobe is Wernicke's area found?
Temporal lobe
68
What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?
* Attention * Adjusting social behaviour * Planning * Personality expression * Decision-making
69
What is the function of Broca's area?
Production of language
70
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
Understanding of language
71
How are the cortical functions affected by frontal lobe lesions?
* Changes in behaviour * Inappropriate behaviour
72
How are the cortical functions affected by parietal lobe lesions?
Contralateral neglect: * Lack of awaraness of self on that side * Lack of awaraness of extrapersonal space
73
How are the cortical functions affected by temporal lobe lesions?
* Agnosia * Amnesia
73
How are the cortical functions affected by Broca's area lesions?
Expressive aphasia
74
How are the cortical functions affected by Wernicke's area lesions?
Receptive aphasia
75
How are the cortical functions affected by primary visual cortex lesions?
Blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field
76
How are the cortical functions affected by visual association area lesions?
Deficits in Interpretation of visual information
77
Lesions in which cortical area can result in prosopagnosia?
Visual association area
78
What is agnosia?
Inability to interpret or recognise
79
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories
80
Lesions in which cortical area can result in anterograde amnesia?
Anterior medial temporal lobe
81
What is receptive aphasia?
Poor comprehension of speech, fine production of speech
82
What is expressive aphasia?
Poor production of speech, fine comprehension of speech
83
What does a PET scan measure?
Blood flow directly to a brain region
84
What does fMRI measure?
Amount of blood oxygen in a brain region
85
What are the 2 types of imaging used to assess cortical function?
1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 2. functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
86
What are the 2 types of encephalographies used to assess cortical function?
1. Electroencephalography (EEG) 2. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
87
What are the 2 types of brain stimulation methods used to assess cortical function?
1. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) 2. transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
88
What does an EEG measure?
Electrical signals produced by the brain
89
What does a MEG measure?
Magnetic signals produced by the brain
90
What do TMS and tDCS measure?
Functional integrity of neural circuits
91
How does TMS assess the integrity of neural circuits?
Uses electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons
92
How does tDCS assess the integrity of neural circuits?
Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase/decrease neuronal firing rates
93
Based on what does Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) assess cortical structures?
Diffusion of water molecules
94
Which 2 imaging techniques are combined to produce a 3D reconstruction of neuronal tracts?
DTI and Tractography
95
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
An autoimmune disorder which results in loss of myelin from neurons of the central nervous system
96
What are some of the main symptoms of MS?
* Blurred vision * Fatigue * Difficulty walking * Paraesthesia in different parts of the body * Muscle stiffness and spasms
97
What is paraesthesia?
Numbness or tingling - aka pins and needles
98
What causes a twitch (fast response)?
An electrical stimulus of an appropriate intensity to a peripheral nerve activating motor axons - resulting in muscle contraction
99
What is used to trace the electrical activity causing a twitch?
Electromyography (EMG)
100
What is M-wave?
The fast response observed on an EMG after electrical stimulation of a motor nerve
101
What causes a twitch (reflex activation)?
1. An electrical stimulus of an appropriate intensity to a peripheral nerve activating sensory axons 2. APs travel along the spinal cord 3. Lower motor neurones activated resulting in muscle contraction
102
What is H-reflex (wave)?
The reflex activation observed on an EMG after electrical stimulation of a sensory nerve
103
What is the difference between fast response and reflex activation?
The subject feels the stimulus in reflex activation
104
What causes F-wave?
1. An electrical stimulus of an appropriate intensity to a peripheral nerve activating motor axons to conduct antidromically 2. APs travel along the motor nerve to the spinal cord 3. Lower motor neurones activated resulting in muscle contraction
105
What is an antidromic impulse in an axon?
Conduction in the opposite direction
106
What is F-wave?
The antidromic conduction in motor axons causing a twitch observed on an EMG
107
Identify the waves
108
Identify the waves
109
Identify the waves
110
What is an orthodromic impulse in an axon?
Conduction in the normal direction
111
What is motor evoked potential (MEP)?
An EMG response observed as a result of the activation of upper motor neurones causing action potentials to travel along the entire motor pathway (upper and lower motor neurones) - causes muscle contraction
112
What is total motor conduction time (TMCT)?
Time from brain to muscle (MEP latency)
113
What is peripheral motor conduction time (PMCT)?
Time from spinal cord to muscle along motor axon
114
What is the formula used to calculate PMCT?
(M latency + F latency-1) /2
115
What is the -1 in PMCT formula for? | (M latency + F latency-1) /2
The estimated time for the action potentials arriving at the lower motor neuron cell body to turn around
116
What is the formula used to calculate central motor conduction time (CMCT)?
TMCT-PMCT
117
What is the effect of MS on MEP latency and TMCT?
* Longer than usual MEP latency * Delayed TMCT
118
What is the effect of MS on F latency and PMCT?
Both normal
119
Why is MEP latency longer while F latency stays the same in MS?
Only CNS is affected | F latency measures lower motor neurones (PNS)
BRS2 Neurology
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