Parasitology > Cestodes > Flashcards

Cestodes Flashcards

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1
Q

Feature difference between trematodes and cestodes

A

blind ended gut = trematodes

no gut = cestodes

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2
Q

general features of cestodes

A
  • head =scolex
    • suckers +/- armed hooks
    • solid or hollow
    • rostellum -armed or unarmed & retractable or permenent
  • neck = differentiating zone
  • body segments = proglottids
    • mature proglottids at the end (reproductively mature)
  • no gut
    • mainly just reproductive system
  • metamorphosis
  • alternating hosts (cyst and adult forms)
    • cyst in IH (metacestode larval stage- in tissues ; pathogenic)
    • adult tapeworm in DH (taenia) - intestine, mostly non pathogenic
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3
Q

What are the 2 orders of Eucestoda

A

pseudophyllidea (aquatic LC; 2 IH)

Cyclophyllidea (terrestrial LC ; usually 1 IH)

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4
Q

What are the 2 groups of cyclophyllideans?

A
  1. non taeniids (herbavors, omnivores or carnivores as DH)
  2. taeniiids (always carnivorous DH) - important socioeconomically
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5
Q

What are 2 species of pseudophyllidea that are of veterinary importance

A

Diphylloborthrium latum

Spirometra erinacei

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6
Q

What are the species of Cyclophyllidea that are of veterinary importance?

A

Non Taeniids

  • Dipylidium caninum
  • Anoplocephala perforliata
  • Moniezia expansa & M. benedeni
  • Hymenolepis
  • Choanotaenia
  • Amoebotaenia
  • Raillietina
  • Davainea

Taeniids

  • Taenia & Echinococcus
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7
Q

What is the general LC of Pseudophyllidea?

A
  • aquatic
  • DH = carnivore/omnivore (fish eating animals)
  • egg excreted via uterine pore
  • coracidium (ciliated oncosphere)
  • IH
    • Procercoid >> 1 IH = invertebrate - water flea or cyclops
    • Plerocercoid >> 2 IH or PH = vertebrate - tadpole, water snakes
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8
Q

General LC of Non Taeniid Cyclophyllidea

A
  • terrestrial
  • DH = carnivore, omnivore, herbivore
  • egg from ruptured proglottid (apolysis)
  • oncosphere
  • cysticercoid >> IH = invertebrate/arthropod **fleas
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9
Q

General Life Cycle of Taeniid Cyclophllidea

A
  • terrestrial
  • DH: carnivore
  • egg via apolysis
  • oncosphere
  • IH: mammalian *mice/rats
    • cysticercus
    • coenurus
    • hydatid
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10
Q

What is the significance of larval cestodes in the intermediate host?

A
  • in tissues of mammals
  • economic losses
    • liver and heart condemnation
    • decrease pproductivity
  • human health
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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of adult cestodes in the DH

A

Mostly in SI and mostly NOT pathogenic

  • except horses (cecum impaction = colic) or birds or cats (dxa & vomitting)
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12
Q

What is the difference in reproductive systems bw pseudophyllidea and cyclophyllidea

A

pseudophyllidea -zipper worms

  • aquatic
  • 1 set of repro organs per proglottid
  • central uterine & genital pore
    • eggs shed into feces

cyclophyllidea

  • terrestrial
  • 1-2 sets of repro organs/proglottid
  • proglottids shed into feces - then rupture
  • lateral genital pore
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13
Q

proglottid morphology - L 11 slide 14

A
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14
Q

What are the egg differences bw pseudophyllidea and cyclophyllidea?

A

pseudophyllidea

  • aquatic- thin operculate
  • ciliated embryophore
  • eggs shed from the uterine pore and pass in the feces

cyclophyllidea

  • terrestrial - thick shell
  • eggs are released by rupture of the proglottid

BOTH have hexacanth embryophore

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15
Q

egg types - L11 slide 17

A
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16
Q

metacestode (larva) morphology - L11 slide 18

A

Pseudophyllideans (Spirometra/Diphylobothrium)

  • Procercoid
  • Plerocercoid

Cyclophyllideans (non taeniids)

  • Cysticercoid (Dipyliidium/ Hymenolepis)
    • double walled bladder cyst
    • IH = arthropod (flea) or another invertebrate

Cyclophyllideans (taeniids)

  • large fluid filled cycsts - “ bladder worms”
    • Cysticercus - protoscolex (T. hydatidgena) & (strobilocercus of Taenia taniaeformis)
    • Coenurus - protoscoleces (T. multiceps)
    • Hydatid - (Echinococcus)
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17
Q

metacestode morphology L 11 slide 19

A
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18
Q

metacestode morphology L11 slide 20

A
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19
Q

Metacestode morphology L 11 slide 21

A
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20
Q

Feature differences between Pseudophyllidian and Cyclophyllidian cestodes

A

Lecture 11 Slide 23

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21
Q

Pseudophyllidean features & facts (rapid fire 5 things)

A
  • 2IH - aquatic
    • procercoid - invertebrate IH
    • plerocercoid - vertebrate IH
  • DH - carnivore/omnivore
  • scolex w/ bothria
    • hold onto host w/vacuum
  • central uterine pore
    • operculate, thin shelled eggs shed in feces
  • proglottids detach in chains
    • diphyllobothrium
    • spirometra
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22
Q

Diphylobothrium LC

A
  • eggs passed in feces
  • coracidium ingested by copepod (1st IH)
  • procercoid ingested by freshwater fish (2nd IH)
    • procercoid > pleurocercoid in fish
  • fish ingested by DH
    • seal, human, dog, cat, bear, penguin
  • Adult tapeworm in SI
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23
Q

Where in the world do you see diphyllobothriasis?

A
  • alaska, canada, scandinavia, russia, japan and emerging in S. America
  • ingestion of pleurocercoid in raw/pickled marine + freshwater fish
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24
Q

What is the public health concern of diphyllobothria? (clin signs, control and treat)

A
  • tapeworm up to 10m in SI
  • clinical signs
    • asymptomatic or milk abdo discomfort to severe dxa and cramps
    • B12 deficiency > pernicious anaemia
  • control
    • cook for freeze fish >24h @20*
  • treat
    • praziquantel
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25
Spirometra LC
* eggs hatch in water * coracidium ingested by copepod --\> procercoid in copepod IH * pleurocercoid develops in PH (frog, tadpole, snake) * DH (human, canid, felid) infected by: * ingestion of copepod containing procercoid * ingestion of uncooked meat/fish containing pleurocercoid * adult tapeworm in SI \> unembryonated eggs shed in feces PPP= 10-30d
26
What is the significance of infection w/ spirometra spp.?
* common in feral, farm dogs, outdoor cats and foxes * **asymptomatic** * heavy infections +/- dxa weight loss
27
How do you diagnose pseudophyllidians?
Eggs * fecal **floatation** (\>1.2) * tan, operuclate, unembryonated * spiro: elipsoidal eggs * diphy: round eggs Pseudophyllidean tapeworm * scolex: bothria (flat muscular groove) * zipperworm ; central uterine pore * spiro: coiled uterus * diphy: rosette shaped uterus Treat * praziquantel @ 30 mg/kg (normal dose 5mg/kg)
28
What is sparganosis?
the plerocercoid stage of spirometra develops and proliferares in the paratenic host and causes disease
29
What is the importance of sparganosis in QLD?
* high prevelance in feral pigs - game meat industry losses * contribute to decline in frog populations * pleurocercoid migrates through tissue eventually embed in thigh mm * ulcers and necrosis
30
how do humans get sparganosis?
rare * drinking water (ingest copepod) * eat raw or undercooked paratenic host (frog, feral pig) * frog tissue eye poultice - puritic SC nodules - Treat --\> praziquantel \*\*surgical removal
31
Rapid fire Cyclophyllideans - non taeniids
* 5mm - 10cm in length * IH (invertebrate) - terrestrial * cysticercoid * scolex w/ suckers +/- armed * gravid proglottids shed, rupture to release eggs * DH = carnivore, herbivore, omnivore
32
What is the life cycle of the flea tapeworm?
Dipylidium caninum * proglottid ruptures releasing eggs (ID- eggs stick together) * eggs ingested by flea larvae * flea larvae \> pupae\> adult * adult flea (or louse in tropics) w/cysticercoid * flea ingested by DH * humans (kids around pets) * dogs/cats * gravid proglottids passed in feces PPP= 2-3 wks
33
What are the diagnostic features of Dipylidium?
- Adults 0.5m long - eggs in packets in fecal float (squeeze proglottid) - armed _retractable_ rostellum - motile proglottid in feces or perineum area * barrel or rice shaped * paired repro organs & LATERAL genital pore opening \*\* history of fleas/flea control methods
34
Immature vs mature vs gravid proglottid - lecture 13 slide 8
35
How do you treat dipylidium caninum?
- flea and lice treatment - praziquantel for tapeworm
36
What is the life cycle of Hymenolepis diminuta?
* proglottids w/ infective egg passed in feces * direct infection with egg (h. nana) * ingested by **arthropod IH** * **​**oncosphere hatches and pentrates intestinal wall * **cysticercoid** in flour beetle, fleas * human or rodent ingests arthropod w/ cysticercoid * adults in SI PPP= 2 wks **Autoinfection** * from gravid proglottid \> oncosphere hatches before release to feces \> develops to adult
37
What are the Hymenolepis spp. that infect humans and rodents?
H. nana and H. diminuta
38
What is the Hymenolepis sp. that infects chickens? what is the IH?
H. carioca IH= stomoxys, beetles
39
Under what conditions do you have infection w/ Hymenolepis spp? What are the clincial signs?
* poor sanitary conditions, wet tropics * usually asymptomatic * large burdens = dxa +/- weight loss
40
What are the features of an Hymenolepis egg? H. nana vs. H. diminuta? L. 13 slide 12
H. nana * thin outer memebrane * polar bodies w/ filaments * hexacanth H. diminuta * thick outer membrane * hexacanth
41
How can you diagnose an adult Hymenolepis? H. nana vs H. diminuta?
* genital pores **unilateral** * mature proglottids wider than long - flat * 3 testes in a row * rostellum - single row of hooks H. nana - dwarf tapeworm (4-10cm) H. diminuta - (30-60 cm)
42
How do you identify poultry tape worms?
scolex allows differentiation as well as length
43
What are poultry tapeworms and their IH? (L13- slide 14)
* **Raillitina** \<25 cm * IH= arthropods (ants, grasshoppers, beetles) * **Choanotaenia** \<20 cm * IH= arthropods (houseflies, beetles) * Hymenolepis \<8cm * IH= arthropods (beetles) * **Davainea** \<4 mm (round proglottid) * IH = slugs * Amoebotaenia \<4mm (square progottid) * IH= earthworms \*\* bold = pathogenic
44
Differences b/w **Davainea** & Ameobotaenia (both 4mm)
**Davainea** - pathogenic * 4-9 segments * rostellum = 80-90 hooks * armed suckers * eggs 35 x 55 clear Amoebotaenia * 14-20 segments * rostellum = 12-14 hooks * unarmed suckers * small eggs w/granular membrane
45
What is the pathogenesis of **Davainea**?
* Attach deeply into each intestinal villi (esp. duodenum) * Sudden massive infection * hemorrhagic enteritis * intestinal necrosis * death of young birds * chronic infections * reduced weight gain * decreased egg production * emaciation
46
Differences bw Raillietina v. Choanotaenia v. Hymenolepis
47
What clincial signs do you see with a Raillietina infection? What sp. produces SI nodules? Who is the most susceptible?
R. echinobothrida * clin signs * catarrhal enteritis - mucoid * caseous nodules on walls of posterior SI * young birds susceptible * IH= ants/beetles
48
How fo you treat a Railletina infection in a poultry flock? Why is it difficult to control?
* not common infection in intensive systems * hard to control intermediate host * mostly a problem in semi-intensive/outdoor * cant do much to the infected flock * new pullets should be put on a quicklime treated pasture * Treat * praziquantel * niclosamide, BZs (oxfendazole) * cant eat eggs for 2-3 wks
49
What cyclophyllidean -non taeniid infects equids? What is the prevelence in Victoria? What is the LC?
Anoplocephala perfoliata - 30-40% in VIC * egg thick shelled and rugged --\> oncosphere * cysticercoid in orbatid pasture mite --\> ingested by horse * adults in iliocecal junction and cecum (pear shaped) PPP= 4-6 wks
50
What is the significance of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses?
* reliance on MLs - increase prevalence and burden * ulceration & thickening (chronic) * dxa - iliocecal intussusception * ill-thrift, anemia (chronic inflam- colic)
51
how do you diagnose Anoplocephala spp in horses?
* fecal float * D shaped egg - pyriform apparatus * Serology * ELISA * Adult ID * A. magna - up to 80cm * A. perfoliata - 4-8cm * lappets * Paranoplocephala mamillana - vv tiny
52
How do you treat horses with a tapeworm infection?
* regular dose of praziquantel * late winter : to ensure free of tapeworm prior to emergence of pasture mites in spring * Pyrantel pamoate - effective agains Anoplocephala spp only * reduce stocking rates * pasture rotation * quarantine & tx introduced horses
53
What is the tapeworm of ruminants?
* Moneizia spp
54
What is the LC of Moneizia?
* eggs passed in feces * eggs ingested by IH (orbatid pasture mite) * cysticercoid develops in IH * DH infected when eats mite * adults found in SI - nonpathogenic Sheep = M. expansa Catle = benedeni
55
How do you diagnose Moniezia spp. in ruminants?
* non pathogenic * 2-6m * v heavy infections \> ill thrift, dxa, obstructions * M. benedeni * glands in **center** * M. expansa * interproglottid glands along the length * Sengments are broader than long & interproglottid gland variation * Egg * triangular w/ pyriform apparatus
56
Characteristics of Taeniidae
* 3mm-10m in length * DH carnivore or humans (SI adult tapeworm) * IH mammal (herb/omn) - fluid filled cysts * cysticercus, coenurus, strobiocercus, hydatid (echinococcus) * gravid _proglottids shed_ rupture to release eggs
57
What are the 2 main differences bw taeniids and non-taeniids?
Non-taeniids * IH - I**nvertebrates (cysticeroid)** * DH - **Carn, Omn, Herb** Taeniids * IH - **Mammalian** * DH - **Carn, Omn**
58
Name the stages of the Taeniid LC? What are the possibe metacestode outcomes?
- Striated eggs released (hexacanth - morphologically indistinguishable) - ingested by mammalian IH (months to years) * fluid filled cysts in tissues (site & host specific) * cysticercus * coenurus * strobilocercus * hydatid -ingested by carnivorous DH (PPP= 5-10 w)
59
What taenia DH in humans - what is the metacetode stage & what is the predilection site?
Cysticerus * T. solium (IH- pig) - predilection = mm(heart, diaphragm, tounge, masseter, BRAIN) * T. saginata (IH - cow "zoonotic beef measles") - predilection = mm (heart, diaphragms, tongue & masseter) * IH -humans
60
What taenia DH in dogs - what is the metacetode stage & predilection site?
Cysticerus * T. ovis (IH- sheep)- predilection= mm (heart, diaphragm, masseter) * T. hydatigena ( IH- sheep, cows, pigs)- predilection= peritoneum * T. pisiformis (IH- rabbits) - predilection= liver & peritoneum Coenurus * T. multiceps (IH- sheep, cows & humans) -predilection= cranial cavity * T. serialis (IH- rabbits) - predilection= intermuscular & subcutaneous tissue
61
What taenia DH in cats - what is the metacetode stage
T. taeniaformis (IH- rats) - predilection= liver Cysticerus
62
What echinococcus spp DH in dogs - what is the metacetode stage
Alveolar hydatid * E. multilocularis (rats & humans) Cyctic hydatid * E. granulosus (low IH specificity \*hard to control- sheep, pigs, cows, humans)
63
What is the lifecyle of the pork tapeworm (LC w/ both IH)? Whis is a concern?
Taenia solium = food borne zoonosis IH = pig * pig ingest eggs from human poo \> cysticerci in mm * DH= human ingests cysticercus in pork meat \> adult tapeworm in SI * gravid proglottid released in human feces IH = human * human ingests egg from human poo (HAND HYGIENE) * cysticerci in tissue (predilection brain \> neurocysticercosis)
64
Where is ther a high- mod presence of Taenia solium?
* eastern eu * south & central america * africa * SE asia, india & china
65
Why is poverty a risk factor for cysticercosis?
* cant afford to feed pigs grain = scavenge * human outdoor defication * lack of vet meat inspection * human dietary practices - smoking or eating raw meat * lack personal hygiene (soap, clean water)
66
What are the clinical features of human cysticercosis?
* delayed onset of clinical signs - 10-15 yrs * chronic cyst - inflam response due to degenerating cysts * severity depends on location & intensity * mm - asymptomatic +/- puritic * brain/SC - syncope (fainting), seizures etc
67
How does meat inspection help contol cysticercosis? Why can it be unsuscessful in poor nations?
* meat condemnation * inspect heart, diaphragm, tongue ( likes metabolically active tissues) * unsucessful bc economic (infected carcasses 1/3 price), black market trading & home slaugter (will sell regardless)
68
What kind of farmer education should be given to prevent cysticercosis infection?
* keep pigs confined - sustainable * defecate indoors - no "night soil" & qiuck lime treat latrines * eat well cooked pork
69
How do you treat human w/ cysticercosis?
praziquantel - doesnt kill only detach & contaminates the ground (risk to people w. cysts in brain bc mass degeneration increases antigen release and increase risk of seizures)
70
How do you treat pigs w. cysticercosis?
oxfendazole
71
What is the life cycle of beef measles?
Taenia saginata - egg ingested by cattle on pasture \> cysticerus (heart, masseter, tongue) ingested by human \> adult in SI
72
Taenia ovis - sheep measles
73
Taenia hydatigenia - immature (mature cysticerci are in the peritoneum)
74
What can taenia hydatigena be associated with in sheep?
- black disease
75
What is this cestode attached to the omentum of a cow/sheep?
taenia hydatigena
76
T. pisiformis
77
What is the DH?
Cats - T. taeniaeformis
78
What are the clinical signs of Taenia taeniaeformis in rodents?
* heptic sarcoma * predispose neoplasia \> fibrotic changes
79
What taeniidae causes gid? What are the clinical signs & where is this a common problem?
**neurocoenurosis = Taenia multiceps** - coenurus in the cranial cavity * important in mediterranean, eurasia & africa * in sheep, goats, cattle & humans * clin signs * progressive 6-8 mo * incoordination * head pushing * blindness
80
How can you diagnose taenia in the DH?
* Taenia & Echinococcus eggs are identical * v. **lengthy**- meters * armed rostellum on scolex w/ double row of hooks (except T. saginata not hooked) * unpaired reproductive organs open **unilaterally**
81
Characteristics of Echinococcus spp
* 2-5 mm of 3-5 segments * DH carnivore (canid, fox) * IH mammal (herb/omn) * hydatid cysts * scolex with 4 suckers & armed * gravid proglottids shed - rupture to release eggs
82
What is the LC of echinococcus?
* Striated eggs (morphologically identical to taenia) * **hydatid** cysts in tissues of **mammalian IH** - (offal - lungs, kidneys, brain, spleen) * v high asexual budding w.in cyst * Carnivorous DH ingests \> adult in SI * PPP= 5-10 wks
83
What is the species of Echinococcus that is in AU & has the most zoonotic potenital? Who is the DH & IH?
Echinococcus granulosus * IH= sheep (cattle, pigs, camels, goars, macropods...humans ) * DH = dog, fox, dingo
84
What is another zoonotic echinococcus spp that isnt in AUS?
E. multiocularis
85
What are the main differences bw E. granulosus & E. multiocularis (DH, IH, metacestode, predilection & distribution)
E. **granulosus** * DH - dog, dingo, wild canids (sylvatic & domestic) * IH - non-carnivorous hosts & **humans** * Metacestode - **unilocular hydatid** (slow growth, non invasive- protoscolex grows w.in cyst) * Predilection- anywhere - esp liver, lungs, brain * Distribution - WW (inc AU) E. **multiocularis** * DH - fox, wild canids (sylvatic only) * IH - rodents & **humans** * Metacestode - **alveolar hydatid** (fast growing, invasive - external budding) * Predilection- anywhere - esp lungs or liver \>\> **metastatic** * Distribution - Northern Hemi (RU, USA, CA, CHN)
86
What does echinococcosis mean?
canid (DH) infected w adult
87
What is the nomenclature used when the IH is infected with echinococcus metacestodes?
* cystic (uniocular) echinococcosis * alveolar (multilocular) echinococcosis * hydatid disease
88
Lung of a wallaby- what would the appearance of the cyst look like if it burst?
**Unilocular** hydatid cysts (E. **granulosus**) - each cyst dependent on the ingestion of 1 egg - if burst: the hydatid cyst would have a **sandy** appearance (protoscolex)
89
What is this taeniidae and what is the cyst called?
E. **multilocularis** - multilocular (**alveolar**) hydatid cysts
90
What is the epidemiology of echinococcus in AUS - sylvatic/domestic cycles
IH : sheep & wallaby (hard to control) DH: dogs & dingo (hard to control) PPP= 5-6w
91
When and how was echinococcus granulosus introducedto AU?
1800s during european colonization - sheep/dogs \>\> adapted to native/feral wildlife (sheep farmers fed dogs offal)
92
how was echinococcus granulosus eradicated from Tasmania
- no feral dogs - stop feeeding offal - treat w/ praziquanel ever 4-5 wks - burn poo- need to kill the proglottids & eggs before getting on pasture
93
is hydatid dz notifiable in australia?
no - not since 2000
94
What are the sources of echinococcus infection?
* eggs resitance in environement (2y) - like cold environment * contaminated food, water, soil (wash veg well) * eggs stick to dogs coat * direct contract w infected dog * low income, poor sanitation & hygiene, lack of vet * feeding offal to dogs/rural communities
95
What is the economic significance? What are the clinical signs in the DH?
Echinococcus spp * no clin signs in DH * livestock * organ condemnation \>\> dog food (high T canned food) * production efects in dairy herds
96
What is the public health significance of Echinococcus - hydatid dz?
* prolonged incubation (5-15 yr) * asymptomatic - calcified cyst incidental * dz results form cyst pressure on adjacent organs (liver, lung, brain) * anaphylaxis - if cyst fluid leaks into body cavity (sandy w protoscolecies)
97
What imaging techniques would you use to detect hydatid dz?
Xray, CT, MRI, US
98
What could you treat hydatid dz with?
chemotherapy & sugical intervention
99
You visit an abattoir and while assisting the meat inspector, get hydatid fluid from a cattle liver splashed all over your hands, face and mouth...what do you do
You wash off \> not a host
100
What advice could you give on controlling/prevention of hydatid dz?
* basic hygiene - hand washing * dont feed offal to dogs - cooked or deep frozen * do not leave dead carcasses of roos, wallabies in the bush * wash fruit & vegetables well
101
what anthelmintic treatment do you give dogs w. echinococcosis?
- praziquantel q4-6 wks & burn the feces over next 24-48 hrs * diagnosis - fecal float w no eggs - shed proglottids
102
is there a vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis?
yes but not cost effective and or commercially available
103
Echinococcus multilocularis - how do you diagnose?
* necropsy * scrape SI (hundreds) * **4-6 mm 3-5 segments** * take care not to ingest gravid proglottids (even after freezing - they like cold) * anterior end w/ suckers in the crypts of lieberkuehn * **no protective immunity** * **no ill effects in canids**
104
A. E. granulosus B. E. multilocularis
105
What is this egg? how do you get a specific diagnosis?
Taeniid egg in feces * ELISA- target excretory-secretory antigens of adult worms * PCR
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