1
Q
- head region
- deep or shallow, smooth or fimbriated, proteinaceous hooks accompany this
- in GI tract for nutrients/possess organs that allow for attachment
A
- scolex
2
Q
- genital pores lateral or medial
- vitellaria scattered throughout segment
- testes are numerous
- uterine pore present
A
diphyllobothridia characteristics
3
Q
- made up of many individual proglittids
- growth takes place at anterior end of worm
A
strobila (strobilization)
4
Q
Where are the older proglottids located?
A
the posterior end
5
Q
are tapeworms considered segmented?
A
no because the tegument and muscle fibers are continuous
6
Q
what can the end of a tapeworm do?
A
detach, disintegrate (apolysis), release eggs via pores
7
Q
section with organs that allow the organism to attach to the host GI tract
A
head/scolex region
8
Q
suckers, grooves, hooks, spines, glands, tentacles
A
examples of scolex structures
9
Q
- cup-shaped, ovoid, muscular structures
- 4 in tapeworms
A
acetabula in tapeworms
10
Q
- usually 2-6
- shallow pits or long grooves
- lateral or dorsoventral
A
bothria
11
Q
- muscular
- usually 4
- project from scolex, +/- mobile
- leaf-like margins
- found in ocean environment
A
bothridia
12
Q
- important in its absorptive capacity (no mouth or digestive tract)
- living tissue with high metabolic activity
A
tegument
13
Q
- outer finger like projections that cover worm surface and suckers
- large absorptive area
A
microtriches
14
Q
- highly ornate
- have four kinds of microtriches existing on the scolex
- filamentous
A
tegument of marine tapeworms (tetraphyllideans, trypanorhynchs)
15
Q
- can copulate with self
- others in the strobili (proglottid chain)
- other worms
A
how proglottids replicate
16
Q
are tapeworms typically monecious or diecious?
A
monecious— each segment has male and female reproductive systems (advantageous to reproduction if spread out in ocean)
17
Q
sperm transferred and oocytes fertilized —> male organs mature first and sperm are stored until ovary matures
- two hosts, sexually mature tapeworms live in intestine
A
life cycle of tapeworm
18
Q
- tapeworm affecting dogs
- passed through feces, egg and larval stages
- flea ingested by dog
- egg packets
A
dipylidium caninum
19
Q
- people eat undercooked pork containing cysts
- mature in intestine
- passed in stool
A
taenia solium
20
Q
- smash with cover slide to observe eggs
- problem = may not be gravid
A
squash prep
21
Q
- crustacean first IH
- fish 2nd intermediate host
A
life cycle of diphylloborthriidea
22
Q
- crustacean to small fish to predator to human
- from eating undercooked fish
- unembryonated eggs in water
A
diphyllobothrium latum
23
Q
- sperm whales
- 30 m long
- each segment has 4 to 14 sets of genetalia
A
hexagonoporus physeteris
24
Q
- intestinal parasites of freshwater fish
- fewer than 10cm
- monozoic (no generation of proglottids)
- simple scolex that is never armed, contains loculi
A
caryophyllidea
25
- motile anterior end
- one proglottid
- catfish, minnows, and suckers are most common hosts
caryophyllidea
26
- parasites of marine and freshwater fish
- complete absence of segmentation
- scolex unarmed
- no life cycles known
- linear set of proglottids
spathebothriidea
27
- tapeworms of birds and mammals
- 4 acetabula
- veterinary importance
- rostellum may or may not posses hooks
- single vitelline gland
- genital pores lateral
- most species small
- development in-utero, non-violated hecacanth embryo
- non-operculate shell
cyclophyllideans
28
- family containing largest cyclophyllidean tapeworms
- most medically important
- armed rostellum on most species
- larval stages called metaceatodes
Taeniidae
29
- human definitive host or intermediate host
- larval form cysticercus
- DH by eating undercooked muscle tissue of pig
taenia solium
30
- harbor in organs (subcutaneous connective tissues most common followed by eye, brain, muscles, etc)
- gets to other locations through bloodstream
- 138 cases in US
cysticercosis
31
- hooved animals are DH
- large tapeworms (up to 6 meters)
- proglottids more wide than long
- unarmed scolex
anoplocephalidae
32
- sheep, cattle, goats
- eggs in square shapes/triangles
- eggs posses pyriform apparatus, embryophore with hook/horn-like extensions
- mite intermediate host
monezia
33
- widespread carnivores
- worldwide distribution
- medioventral position of genital pores
- scolex with four simple suckers, no rostellum
- may undergo asexual reproduction in a definitive host
- undercooked meat
mesocestoides
34
- can be free-living or parasitic/plants or insects
| - bilaterally symmetrical, elongated, tapered at both ends, possess a pseudocoel, mouth anterior anus posterior
nematodes
35
form of the lumen of pharynx and esophagus
triradiate
36
- muscles of body wall are 1 layer thick
- arranged in circular layer
- mostly dioecious, some hermaphroditic and some parthenogenetic
- most oviparous (lay eggs), some ovoviviparous (eggs hatch and give rise to larvae)
nematodes
37
- vary in size (1mm to 10m)
- carbohydrate-rich surface coat over cuticle, may be important in immune evasion
- markings on cuticle can help differentiate
- alae = circular thickenings
nematodes
38
- musculature, pseudocoel, fluid it contains, and cuticle
| - enclosed noncompressible fluid moved by muscles responsible for s shaped movement in nematodes
the hydrostatic skeleton
39
- wide and shallow muscle cells with contractile portion close to epidermis
- spindle shaped muscle cells that are contractile
platymyarian muscle cells and coelomyarian muscle cells
40
- mouth (circular opening with max of 6 lips), gut, and anus (buccal cavity in between)
- shedding of cuticle lining
nematode digestive system
41
which stages are typically in the environment for nematodes and in the host?
1st larval stage passed into environment, 3rd stage infection in the host
42
blood, tissue cells, fluids, intestinal contents
What can nematodes use as food?
43
List two important structures required for reproduction in nematodes for males and females
male - copulatory spicule
| female - uterus
44
usually 4 juvenile stages and an adult stage separated by ecdysis or molting (increase in size after final molt)
typical development of a nematode
45
- parasitic in nearly all organs and tissues
| - affects all classes of vertebrate
capillaridae
46
- parasite of the liver
- predominately rodents (some humans)
- eggs deposited in liver/transmission depends on eggs being released from liver (consumption by predator, decomposition after death)
- eggs cannot embryonate in the liver --> in soil
- loss of liver cells/function, hepatomegaly
calodium hepatica
47
- intestinal parasite of humans
- epidemic in Luzon
- also reported in Thailand, Iran, Japan, and Egypt
Paracapillaria philippinensis
48
lung parasite of dogs, cats, and other carnivores
Eucoleus aerophilus
49
- affects esophagus and crop chickens, turkeys, and other birds
- requires an earthworm IH
eucoleus annnulata
50
- blood red blunt end nematodes that are large
- found in mammals around the world
- males have bell-shaped bursa
- eggs are lemon shaped
- eggs require 2 weeks to 3 months to embryonate (temperature dependent)
- from fish diet --> raw or undercooked
- can cause loss of kidney function
dioctophyme renale
51
- small in size
- species alternate between free-living and parasitic generations
- may inhabit soil, decaying matter, decaying fruit
tylenchina suborder of nematode
52
- both sexes of free-living adults have a rhabditiform esophagus
- parasitic females burrow into small intestine
- eggs hatch as they are passed through the DI tract
- infection by skin penetration
- free living adults can produce successive generations of free-living adults
- may undergo autoinfection, immunocompromised hosts can lead to hyperinfection
- through contact with contaminated water or soil
- lung phase may be mistaken for asthma
- diagnose using baermann or serodiagnosis by ELISA for antigens
strongyloides stercoralis
53
- nodular worms of livestock
- large intestine of ruminants and non-human primates
- developing juveniles form nodules in walls of intestines
oesophagostomum
54
- largest nematodes
- female has white ovaries wrapped around her intestine ("barber pole worm")
- male bursa present
- live in fourth stomach of ruminants
- can cause severe anemia in heavy infections
- single well developed tooth in buccal cavity
haemonchus contortus
55
- brown stomach worm
- rudimentary, lacks tooth
- life cycle similar to Haemonchus but L4s burrow into mucosa of abdomen to molt
ostertagia
56
- the smallest abomasal nematodes
- small intestine parasite of ruminants
- colorless, unarmed buccal cavity
- worms burrow and molt in mucosa
- causes damage to intestinal epithelium
trichostrongylus
57
- diluting population with susceptible worms
refugia
58
- gapeworm of poultry
- adults live in trachea of bird hosts (gasping and gaping)
- eggs coughed up, swallowed, and passed into environment
- earthworm/arthropod potential paratenic host
syngamus trachea
59
- adults in bronchi and bronchioles
- eggs hatch in host and are found in feces
- GI tract --> bloodstream --> lungs
- long and slender worms
- use bayermann
dictyocaulus
60
- discovered in pulmonary arteries and hearts of rats --> humans
- snail/slug IH
- humans accidental hosts --> eosinophilic meningitis
- small, slender worm
angiostrongylus cantonensis
61
- females swollen and bright red (only ends retain nematode appearance)
- parasites of aquatic birds
- eggs embryonated when laid
- IH crustaceans or insects
- DH water birds, chickens, owls, hawks
tetrameres
62
- terrestrial counterpart of tetrameres
- glands of insectivorous birds
- swollen females twisted into spiral
- IH crustacean/insect
- little effect on host health
microtetrameres
63
- upper digestive tract of birds and mammals
- cuticle covered with bosses/scutes
- alae and papillae present
gongylonematidae
64
- found in ruminants and swine
- IH dung beetle/cockroach
- many human cases of infection
- invade esophagus, causing irritation and bleeding
gongylonema pulchrum
65
- responsible for esophageal cancer in dogs
- stout worm/bright pink in color
- mouth w/ lips, cylindrical embryonated eggs
- adults found in clusters in GI tract
- IH beetles
- paratenic hosts: birds, reptiles, mammals
spirocerca lupi
66
- right side of heart and pulmonary artery of dogs and other mammals
- found in humans but do not mature (worms harbor wolbachia)
- transmission through mosquitos
- treated through preventatice heartworm meds
dirofilaria immitis
67
- respiratory insufficiency
- chronic cough
- vomiting
- exercise intolerance
clinical signs of heartworm in cats
68
- immunodiagnostics
| - detection of microfilariae in the blood (can be confused with other non-pathogenic species)
diagnostics for heartworm
69
- disease caused by large filaroid worm
- common in Africa and South America
- causes river blindness/skin disease
- adults live under skin
- humans only definitive host
- diagnose with skin snip
onchocerca volvulus
70
- parasites of arthropods
- elongated, active worms
- emerge from hind ends of hosts when they fall into water
- tangled masses resembling Gordian knot (mating events)
- adults not encountered very often in nature
Nematomorpha/Gordian worms/horsehair worms
71
which subgroup are most hairworms a part of
gordiida (not nectonematida)
72
- adults are long, cylindrical, and filamentous
- mature worms pure white to almost black or brown
- calotte = light colored area followed by pigmented ring
- females larger than males
- thick cuticle body wall ornate with areoles
- nervous system = calotte, highly innervated/may be photosensitive
- reduced digestive system with no mouth
- coiling movements
- dioecious
- cannot be reared in a laboratoru/nutrients likely taken up across surfaces as adults do not feed (remain active in cool water)
nematomorpha
73
- juveniles in arthropods
- transition to adult stage in water (infected insects more likely to go swimming)
- mating occurs upon emergence
- females produce millions of eggs on vegetation --> arise to larvae
- aquatic invertebrates consume
life cycle of nematomorpha
MIP 260
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