1
Q
reputation
A
the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past
reputation for
Judge Kelso has a reputation for being strict but fair.
reputation as
In her last job she gained a reputation as a hard worker.
شهرت، اعتبار
آبرو، خوشنامی، اشتهار، آوازه، قانون فقه: عرض، روانشناسی: شهرت، بازرگانی: معروفیت، شهرت
ex: Goodwill is an intangible asset that represents the value of a company’s reputation
2
Q
acquire- verb
acquisition- noun
A
2
Q
snapshot
A
The balance sheet is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company’s financial position at a specific point in time
نمایش لحظه ای، تصویر لحظه ای، تصویر لحظه ای، عکس فوری، کامپیوتر: عکس فوری
3
Q
owe
A
verb
کد: اوه یادم رفت پولتو پس بدم
- MONEY to need to pay someone for something that they have done for you or sold to you, or to need to give someone back money that they have lent you ⇒ borrow, lend
owe somebody money/£10 etc
I owe my brother $50.
owe somebody for something
I still owe you for the taxi.
How much do I owe you (=often used to show that you want to pay for something)?
owe something to somebody
the money owed to credit card companies - SOMETHING DONE/GIVEN to feel that you should do something for someone or give someone something, because they have done something for you or given something to you:
He asked for help from a colleague who owed him a favour.
owe somebody a drink/letter etc
I owe Shaun a letter; I must write soon.
Thanks a lot for being so understanding about all this – I owe you one (=used to thank someone who has helped you, and to say that you are willing to help them in the future)!
owe somebody (=be in a position in which someone has helped you, so that you should help them)
Let’s go and see Joe – he owes me! - owe somebody an explanation/apology to feel that you should give someone an explanation of why you did something, or say you are sorry:
You owe him an apology. - HELP TO ACHIEVE SOMETHING
a) to have something or achieve something because of what someone else has done
owe something to somebody
He probably owes his life to her prompt action.
b) to know that someone’s help has been important to you in achieving something
owe somebody a lot/owe somebody a great deal
‘I owe my parents a lot,’ he admitted.
He owes a great deal to his publishers.
owe it all to somebody/owe everything to somebody
I owe it all to you.
owe somebody a debt (of gratitude)
the debt that we owe to our teachers - GOOD EFFECT to be successful because of the good effect or influence of something or someone
owe to
Their success owes more to good luck than to careful management.
Pearson’s work owed much to the research of his friend, Hugh Kingsmill. - owe it to somebody to do something to feel you should do something for someone, because they have helped you or given you support:
You owe it to your supporters not to give up now. - owe it to yourself to do something to feel you should try to achieve something because it is what you deserve:
You owe it to yourself to take some time off. - owe loyalty/allegiance etc to somebody to have a duty to obey someone:
provinces owing allegiance to the Emperor - think that the world owes you a living to be unwilling to work in order to get things, and expect them to be provided for you – used to show disapproval
4
Q
owners’ stake
A
سهام مالکان
سهم مالکان از دارایی منهای بدهی در ترازنامه
کد: استیک سهامداران بعنوان سود و سهمشون از کسب و کار
5
Q
within
A
- a) before a certain period of time has passed:
We should have the test results back within 24 hours.
He fell sick and died within a matter of weeks.
Within an hour of our arrival Caroline was starting to complain.
b) during a certain period of time:
the enormous success of televised sport within the last twenty years
Within the space of a year, three of the town’s factories have closed down. - less than a certain distance from a particular place:
The invading troops came within 50 miles of Paris.
Within a five mile radius of Ollerton there are several pubs and restaurants.
We live within easy reach of (=close to) the shops.
Adjust the driver’s seat so that all the controls are within reach (=close enough to touch).
within sight/earshot (of something) (=close enough to see or hear)
As she came within sight of the house, she saw two men getting out of a car. - inside a particular building or area Antonym : outside:
Prisoners who died were buried within the walls of the prison.
public footpaths within the national park
The rooms within were richly furnished.
apply/enquire within (=used on notices on the outside of buildings)
Baby rabbits for sale. Enquire within. - inside a society, organization, or group of people Antonym : outside:
There have been a lot of changes within the department since I joined.
an attempt to reform the system from within - if something stays within a particular limit or set of rules, it does not go beyond that limit:
We have to operate within a very tight budget.
Security firms have to work strictly within the law.
You can go anywhere you want within reason (=within reasonable limits). - literary or formal inside a person’s body or mind Antonym : outside:
Elaine felt a pain deep within her.
I’m feeling more relaxed within myself.
6
Q
due
A
- EXPECTED [not before noun] expected to happen or arrive at a particular time
due to do something
The team are due to fly to Italy next month.
His new book is due to be published next year.
due in/on/at
She’s pregnant and the baby’s due in April.
The final results of the experiment are due on December 9.
I’m due at his office at 4.30.
due for
The car is due for its annual service again.
due back
When are the library books due back? ⇒ due date - OWED owed to someone either as a debt or because they have a right to it:
Any money due you will be sent by cheque through the post.
due to
Thanks are due to all those who took part. - MONEY if an amount of money is due, it must be paid at a particular time:
The next income tax payment is due on 31 January. - in due course at some time in the future when it is the right time, but not before:
Further details will be announced in due course. - PROPER [only before noun] formal proper or suitable:
He was banned for six months for driving without due care and attention.
due regard/consideration
We want the best for each individual child with due regard for the interests of the other children. - with (all) due respect spoken used when you disagree with someone or criticize them in a polite way:
Dad, with all due respect, was not a very good husband.
⇒ duly, due to
[TahlilGaran] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▲
II. due2 noun
[Word Family: adverb: due, duly, unduly; noun: due, dues; adjective: due, undue]
- your due your due is what you deserve, or something it is your right to have:
He accepted all the praise he received as his due.
Freddy, to give him his due (=to be fair to him), always tried to be honest. - dues [plural] regular payments you make to an organization of which you are a member Synonym : fees:
Robert failed to pay his dues last year.
[TahlilGaran] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▲
III. due3 adverb
[Word Family: adverb: due, duly, unduly; noun: due, dues; adjective: due, undue]
due north/south/east/west directly to the north, south, east, or west
7
Q
economic crises
A
بحران اقتصادی
7
Q
inaccurate
A
not completely correct Antonym : accurate:
A lot of what has been written about him is inaccurate.
inaccurate information/data etc
He was fined $300,000 for making inaccurate statements to Congress.
—inaccurately adverb
8
Q
cautio
A
کد: وقتی میری کاشان باید احتیاط کنی
I. cau‧tion1 /ˈkɔːʃən $ ˈkɒː-/ noun
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: cautio, from cavere ‘to be careful, be on guard’]
- [uncountable] the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks ⇒ cautious
with caution
We must proceed with extreme caution.
The physician must exercise caution when prescribing antidepressants.
counsel/urge caution
Many parents are tempted to intervene, but most experts counsel caution.
treat/view something with caution (=think carefully about something because it might not be true)
Evidence given by convicted criminals should always be treated with the utmost caution. ⇒ err on the side of caution at err(1) - [countable] a warning or piece of advice telling you to be careful:
Although pleased, Henson added a caution that the team still has a long way to go.
word/note of caution
A final word of caution – never try any of this without backing up your system. - throw/cast caution to the winds literary to stop worrying about danger and to take a big risk:
Throwing caution to the winds, she swung around to face him. - [uncountable and countable] British English a spoken official warning given to someone who has been arrested or who has done something wrong that is not a serious crime:
He was let off with a caution.
under caution
The defendant may make a statement under caution.
[TahlilGaran] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▲
II. caution2 verb
- [intransitive and transitive] to warn someone that something might be dangerous, difficult etc
caution (somebody) against something
Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility.
caution (somebody) that
Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace process.
caution somebody to do something
He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night. - [transitive] British English
a) to warn someone officially that the next time they do something illegal they will be punished
caution somebody for (doing) something
She was cautioned for speeding.
b) to warn someone officially that what they say to a police officer may be used as evidence in a court of law
8
Q
streamline
smooth
A
ex: streamline workflows.
- to make something such as a business, organization etc work more simply and effectively:
efforts to streamline the production process - to form something into a smooth shape, so that it moves easily through the air or water:
All these new cars have been streamlined.
—streamlined adjective
smooth
9
Q
plunged
swerved
cliff
literary
violently
stripped off
firmly
chaos
strike
A
I. plunge1 /plʌndʒ/ verb
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: plongier, from Vulgar Latin plumbicare, from Latin plumbum ‘lead’]
- [I, T always + adv/prep] to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards
plunge off/into etc
Her car swerved and plunged off the cliff.
Both the climbers had plunged to their deaths. - [intransitive] if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount:
The unemployment rate plunged sharply.
plunge to
Oil prices have plunged to a new low.
In the recession, the company’s profits plunged 60%. - [intransitive] literary if a ship plunges, it moves violently up and down because of big waves
plunge in (also plunge into something) phrasal verb - to start talking or doing something quickly and confidently, especially without thinking about it first:
It’s a difficult situation. You can’t just plunge in and put everything right.
‘I don’t agree,’ she said, plunging into the conversation. - to jump or dive into water:
He stripped off and plunged into the sea. - plunge something ↔ in (also plunge something into something) to push something firmly and deeply into something else:
He opened the bag and plunged his hand in.
Plunge the pasta into boiling water.
Repeatedly she plunged the knife into his chest.
plunge (somebody/something) into something phrasal verb
to suddenly experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, or to make someone or something do this:
A strike would plunge the country into chaos.
The house was suddenly plunged into darkness.
After the war, the family plunged into debt.
[TahlilGaran] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▲
II. plunge2 noun
- take the plunge to decide to do something important or risky, especially after thinking about it for a long time:
We took the plunge and set up our own business. - [countable] a sudden large decrease in the price, value etc of something
plunge in
a dramatic plunge in house prices - [countable usually singular] a sudden movement down or forwards:
The plane began a headlong plunge towards the Earth. - [countable usually singular] when someone suddenly becomes involved in something new
plunge into
his sudden plunge into marriage - [countable usually singular] a jump or dive into water, or a quick swim
plunge in/into
a quick plunge in the lake
9
Q
heighten
volatility
A
ex: We think the right thing to do in this time of continuing heightened macro
volatility is to prioritize efficiency and self-sufficiency
heighten
if something heightens a feeling, effect etc, or if a feeling etc heightens, it becomes stronger or increases Synonym : intensify ⇒ strengthen:
There are fears that the march will heighten racial tension.
Increased levels of fat in the diet could heighten the risk of cancer.
heighten (sb’s) awareness (of something) (=make people realize something more clearly)
The case has heightened public awareness of the problem of sexual harassment
volatility
vol‧a‧tile /ˈvɒlətaɪl $ ˈvɑːlətl/ adjective
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin volatilis, from volare ‘to fly’]
- a volatile situation is likely to change suddenly and without warning Antonym : stable:
an increasingly volatile political situation
the highly volatile stock and bond markets - someone who is volatile can suddenly become angry or violent
- technical a volatile liquid or substance changes easily into a gas Antonym : stable
—volatility /ˌvɒləˈtɪləti, ˌvɒləˈtɪlɪti $ ˌvɑː-/ noun [uncountable]
10
Q
remarks
A
Chief Executive Forrest
Li said in written remarks in the Sea Limited earnings report.
remarks
I. re‧mark1 W3 /rɪˈmɑːk $ -ɑːrk/ noun
[Word Family: verb: remark; noun: remark; adverb: remarkably; adjective: remarkable ≠ unremarkable]
- [countable] something that you say when you express an opinion or say what you have noticed Synonym : comment:
Unfortunately, a local journalist overheard the remark. - remarks [plural] the things you say in a formal speech
introductory/opening/concluding remarks
the chairman’s introductory remarks
in sb’s remarks
Caldwell, in his remarks, emphasized the need for cooperation.
[TahlilGaran] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▲
II. remark2 verb [transitive]
[Word Family: verb: remark; noun: remark; adverb: remarkably; adjective: remarkable ≠ unremarkable]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: remarquer, from marquer ‘to mark’]
to say something, especially about something you have just noticed:
‘This house must be very old,’ he remarked.
remark that
Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do.
remark on/upon
He remarked on the difference in security measures at the two airports.
10
Q
agile
A
ex: In this environment, being agile and
adaptable is even more crucial to the long-term success of our business
11
Q
career
curious
prospect
up till then
didn’t last long
Beat
A
ex: Are you exploring investment banking as a career, or are you curious about its role in the financial world
curious
cu‧ri‧ous S3 /ˈkjʊəriəs $ ˈkjʊr-/ adjective
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: curios, from Latin curiosus ‘careful, wanting to know’, from cura; ⇒ cure1]
- wanting to know about something ⇒ inquisitive:
Puppies are naturally curious.
curious about
He was curious about how she would react.
curious to know/see/hear etc
Mandy was curious to know what happened.
curious look/glance
Her shouting attracted some curious glances from other people in the restaurant. - strange or unusual:
He felt a curious mixture of excitement and panic.
a curious coincidence
It’s curious that she left without saying goodbye.
—curiously adverb:
‘What have you got in there?’ Felix asked curiously.
She felt curiously calm.
career
I. ca‧reer1 S2 W2 /kəˈrɪə $ -ˈrɪr/ noun [countable]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: carrière, from Old Provençal carriera ‘street’, from Latin carrus; ⇒ car]
- a job or profession that you have been trained for, and which you do for a long period of your life
career in
a career in journalism
a teaching career
He realized that his acting career was over.
career development/advancement/progression etc
Career prospects within the company are excellent.
a physiotherapist who wanted to make a dramatic career change by becoming an author
Nurses want an improved career structure (=better opportunities to move upwards in their jobs). - career soldier/teacher etc someone who intends to be a soldier, teacher etc for most of their life, not just for a particular period of time:
a career diplomat - the period of time in your life that you spend doing a particular activity:
She had not had a very impressive school career up till then.
My career as an English teacher didn’t last long.
Beating the defending champion has to be the highlight of my career.
[TahlilGaran] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▲
II. career2 verb [intransitive always + adverb/preposition]
British English to move forwards quickly without control, making sudden sideways movements Synonym : careen American English
career down/along/towards etc
The truck careered down the hill and into a tree.
11
Q
investment bank
A
An investment bank is a financial institution that provides advisory and financial services to corporations, governments, and other entities. These services often include:
Capital Raising: Helping clients raise funds through issuing stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments.
Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A): Advising on buying, selling, or merging companies.
Trading and Market Making: Facilitating the buying and selling of securities and providing liquidity in financial markets.
Research: Offering insights and analysis on industries, companies, and market trends.
Wealth Management: Managing investments and financial planning for high-net-worth individuals or institutions.
Investment banks play a critical role in the global economy by connecting those who need capital with those who have it. Are you exploring investment banking as a career, or are you curious about its role in the financial world?
12
Q
capability
ability
simultaneous
manufacturing
A
noun
1. the natural ability, skill, or power that makes a machine, person, or organization able to do something, especially something difficult:
the country’s manufacturing capability
capability to do something
Does the company have the capability to change to meet market needs?
I can speak French, but simultaneous translation is beyond my capabilities (=too difficult).
- the ability that a country has to take a particular kind of military action
military/nuclear etc capability
America’s nuclear capability
ability
1. [countable] the state of being able to do something
ability to do something
the ability to walk
The health center serves all patients, regardless of their ability to pay.
- [uncountable and countable] someone’s level of skill at doing something:
The test measures your mathematical ability.
mixed ability classes
of high/low etc ability
students of average ability
There are musicians of all abilities.
somebody’s abilities as something
He showed his abilities as a leader. - to the best of your ability as well as you can:
He completed the job to the best of his ability.
12
Q
corporate development
enhance
strengthening
initiative
capability
A
Corporate development refers to the strategic activities a company undertakes to grow and enhance its business operations. It focuses on creating long-term value by identifying opportunities for expansion, improving efficiency, and strengthening competitive advantages. Common corporate development initiatives include:
Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A): Exploring opportunities to acquire or merge with other companies to expand market share, capabilities, or geographic presence.
Strategic Partnerships: Forming alliances or collaborations with other organizations to drive mutual benefits.
Market Expansion: Entering new markets, whether geographically or by targeting different customer segments.
Business Optimization: Streamlining operations, improving processes, or cutting costs to enhance profitability.
Capital Investment: Allocating resources to promising projects, technologies, or infrastructure to support growth.
Corporate development teams often work closely with executive leadership and other departments, blending strategy, finance, and operations expertise. Are you curious about specific aspects like M&A processes or strategies for market expansion? I’d love to dive deeper!
13
Q
geographic
presence
A
ex: to expand market share, capabilities, or geographic presence
13
Q
alliances
collaborations
A
ex: Forming alliances or collaborations with other
14
Q
Streamlining
A
Streamlining operations
15
Q
Allocating
promising projects
promising
A
ex: Capital Investment: Allocating resources to promising projects, technologies, or infrastructure to support growth
16
Q
compensation
A
ex: In return, they earn interest or fees as compensation for the risk and time value of money.
noun
1. [uncountable] money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or loss, or because something they own has been damaged
compensation for
compensation for injuries at work
compensation from
She received compensation from the government for the damage caused to her property.
in compensation
The jury awarded Tyler $1.7 million in compensation.
as compensation
The workers were given 30 days’ pay as compensation.
People who are wrongly arrested may be paid compensation.
demand/seek/claim compensation
The parents are seeking compensation for birth defects caused by the drug.
award/grant compensation
The court awarded Jamieson £30,000 compensation.
- [uncountable and countable] something that makes a bad situation better:
One of the few compensations of losing my job was seeing more of my family.
by way of compensation (=in order to make a situation better)
By way of compensation he offered to take her out for a meal. - [uncountable and countable] when someone behaves in a particular way in order to replace something that is missing or to balance the bad effects of something
compensation for
Linda’s aggressiveness is just a compensation for her feelings of insecurity.
as compensation (for something)
Lip-reading can act as compensation for loss of hearing. - [uncountable] American English the money someone is paid for doing their job Synonym : remuneration
16
curious
Are you curious about a specific type of lender or the lending process itself?
17
crowdfunded
backed by
Invest in crowdfunded projects backed by real estate
18
conventional
fairly slow
fairly
ex: These services are often used as an alternative to conventional loans
con‧ven‧tion‧al W3 AC /kənˈvenʃənəl/ adjective
1. [only before noun] a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type:
Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
Bake for 20 minutes in a conventional oven; 8 in a microwave.
2. always following the behaviour and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal, right, and socially acceptable, so that you seem slightly boring:
a strong believer in conventional morals
conventional in
He is conventional in his approach to life.
3. (the) conventional wisdom the opinion that most people consider to be normal and right, but that is sometimes shown to be wrong:
As traffic grew, the conventional wisdom was to widen the roads.
4. [only before noun] conventional weapons and wars do not use nuclear explosives or weapons:
conventional forces
5. conventional medicine the usual form of medicine practised in most European and North American countries Synonym : western medicine
—conventionally adverb
—conventionality /kənˌvenʃəˈnæləti, kənˌvenʃəˈnælɪti/ noun [uncountable]
19
either fully or partially
ex: Lenders: Review borrower profiles and choose to fund loans, either fully or partially
20
lack of government protection.
Risk of borrower default
Risk of borrower default and lack of government protection.
21
arrangement
term
ex: These arrangements are based on mutual trust and often customized terms.
قرار و مدار
شرایط، ضوابط
22
characteristic
I. char‧ac‧ter‧is‧tic1 S3 W2 /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk◂, ˌkærɪktəˈrɪstɪk◂/ noun [countable usually plural]
[Word Family: noun: character, characteristic, characterization; adjective: characteristic ≠ uncharacteristic, characterless; verb: characterize; adverb: characteristically ≠ uncharacteristically]
a quality or feature of something or someone that is typical of them and easy to recognize
characteristic of
a baby discovering the physical characteristics of objects
defining/distinguishing characteristic (=one that separates someone or something from others of the same type)
Violent images are a defining characteristic of his work.
II. characteristic2 adjective
[Word Family: noun: character, characteristic, characterization; adjective: characteristic ≠ uncharacteristic, characterless; verb: characterize; adverb: characteristically ≠ uncharacteristically]
very typical of a particular thing or of someone’s character:
the highly characteristic (=very typical) flint walls of the local houses
characteristic of
the qualities that were characteristic of the Nixon administration
—characteristically /-kli/ adverb
REGISTER
In everyday English, people usually say typical rather than characteristic:
The building is typical of those in the area.
23
collateral
collateral requirements
23
tailored
suit
trousers
skirt
grey lightweight
trouser suit
complaint
be settled
lawsuit
can be tailored to suit both parties.
tailored
1. a piece of clothing that is tailored is made to fit very well:
a tailored suit
2. made or done specially for someone’s particular need or situation:
tailored financial advice
suit
noun
1. CLOTHES a set of clothes made of the same material, usually including a jacket with trousers or a skirt:
a grey lightweight suit
a business suit
a tweed suit
She was wearing a black trouser suit. ⇒ morning suit
2. bathing/jogging etc suit a piece of clothing or a set of clothes used for swimming, running etc ⇒ boiler suit, shell suit, sweat suit, tracksuit, wet suit
3. LAW a problem or complaint that a person or company brings to a court of law to be settled Synonym : lawsuit:
Johnson has filed suit against her.
a civil suit
4. OFFICE WORKER informal a man, especially a manager, who works in an office and who has to wear a suit when he is at work:
I bought myself a mobile phone and joined the other suits on the train to the City.
5. CARDS one of the four types of cards in a set of playing cards
6. sb’s strong suit something that you are good at:
Sympathy is not Jack’s strong suit.
⇒ in your birthday suit at birthday(3), ⇒ follow suit at follow(14)
II. suit2 S3 W3 verb [transitive]
1. to be acceptable, suitable, or convenient for a particular person or in a particular situation:
Whatever your reason for borrowing, we have the loan that suits your needs.
There’s a range of restaurants to suit all tastes.
There are countryside walks to suit everyone.
We have gifts to suit every pocket (=of all prices).
Either steak or chicken would suit me fine.
The climate there will suit you down to the ground (=suit you very well).
suit something to something
She had the ability to suit her performances to the audience.
2. [not in passive] clothes, colours etc that suit you make you look attractive:
That coat really suits Paul.
Red suits you.
Jill’s new hairstyle doesn’t really suit her.
3. best/well/ideally/perfectly etc suited to/for something to have the right qualities to do something:
The activity holidays on offer are really best suited to groups.
land well suited for agriculture
the candidate most ideally suited to doing the job
4. suit yourself spoken used to tell someone they can do whatever they want to, even though it annoys you or you think they are not doing the right thing:
‘Mind if I sit here?’ he said gently. ‘Suit yourself.’
5. suit sb’s book British English informal to fit well into someone’s plans
24
tweed
fabric
wool
thicker
durable
Tweed suits are a type of suit made from tweed, a rough fabric made from wool. They are typically thicker and more durable than other types of suits, making them a good choice for colder weather. Tweed suits can be worn for both formal and casual events, and come in many different colors and styles.
25
wish to
make a complaint
If you wish to make a complaint,
25
having treatment
chest complaint.
3. [countable] formal an illness that affects a particular part of your body:
He is having treatment for a chest complaint.
26
civil
civil liberty
civil rights
a civil suit
adjective
1. [only before noun] relating to the people who live in a country
civil war/disturbance/unrest etc (=fighting etc between different groups of people living in the same country) ⇒ civil liberty, civil rights
2. [only before noun] relating to the ordinary people or things in a country that are not part of military, government, or religious organizations:
They were married in a civil ceremony in May.
3. [only before noun] relating to the laws about the private affairs of citizens, such as laws about business or property, rather than laws about crime ⇒ civil law, criminal:
Many civil cases can be settled out of court.
4. polite in a formal but not very friendly way ⇒ civility:
Try at least to be civil.
26
conducted
acquaintances- əˈkweɪntəns
trusted business associates
Often conducted between acquaintances, family members, or trusted business associates.
27
subject to
ordeal
abuse
harassment
victim
awful
در ارتباط با، در رابطه با
subject somebody/something to something phrasal verb (see also subject)
to force someone or something to experience something very unpleasant, especially over a long time:
Police subjected him to hours of questioning.
subject somebody to an ordeal/abuse/harassment
Barker subjected his victim to awful abuse.
27
wise to
draft
outline
misunderstandings
Documentation: While informal, it's wise to draft a loan agreement outlining the terms and obligations to avoid misunderstandings.
28
stringent
For Borrowers: Potentially higher interest rates or stringent repayment terms.
29
venture capital
venture
سرمایه مخاطره امیز
I. ven‧ture1 /ˈventʃə $ -ər/ noun [countable]
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: adventure]
a new business activity that involves taking risks
business/commercial venture
joint venture (=when two companies do something together)
II. venture2 verb
1. [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to go somewhere that could be dangerous:
When darkness fell, he would venture out.
She paused before venturing up the steps to the door.
children who lack the confidence to venture into libraries
2. [transitive] to say or do something in an uncertain way because you are afraid it is wrong or will seem stupid:
‘You’re on holiday here?’ he ventured.
venture to do something
I ventured to ask him what he was writing.
venture an opinion/question/word etc
If we had more information, it would be easier to venture a firm opinion.
Roy ventured a tentative smile.
venture that
I ventured that the experiment was not conclusive.
3. nothing ventured, nothing gained used to say that you cannot achieve anything unless you take risks
venture into something phrasal verb
to become involved in a new business activity:
Banks are venturing into insurance.
venture on/upon something phrasal verb
to do or try something that involves risks:
I thought I might venture on a new recipe.
29
substantial
succeeds
but the potential rewards can be substantial if the business succeeds.
30
ownership stake
in exchange
Equity Stake: Investors usually receive an ownership stake in the company in exchange for their funding.
30
Stages
seed funding
so on
serving
Stages of Funding: VC investment often follows phases like seed funding, Series A, B, C rounds, and so on, each serving different growth needs.
31
expertise
Active Involvement: Venture capitalists often provide strategic guidance, networking opportunities, and expertise in addition to capital.
32
cornerstone
entrepreneurship
entrepreneur
Venture capital is a cornerstone of entrepreneurship, helping turn big ideas into reality
33
assign
the task of looking after the new students.
looking after
Asian Affairs Bureau
Affair
Bureau - ˈbjʊroʊ
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
ex: S&P has assigned the Company a BBB- with positive outlook
verb
1. to give someone a particular job or make them responsible for a particular person or thing
assign somebody a task/role
I’ve been assigned the task of looking after the new students.
assign somebody to something
Jan’s been assigned to the Asian Affairs Bureau.
assign somebody to do something
Madison was assigned to investigate a balloon accident.
assign somebody something
Assign each student a partner.
2. to give a particular time, value, place etc to something:
How much time have you assigned for the meeting?
assign something to something
A code was assigned to each batch of work.
3. to give money, equipment etc to someone to use
assign something to somebody
A personal bodyguard had been assigned to her.
assign somebody something
They assigned me a small room.
34
rooted in
root
unwavering focus
that is rooted in an unwavering focus on
putting customers first
35
disaster
affair
The whole affair was a disaster.
36
terms
term
term
noun
1. in terms of something if you explain or describe something in terms of a particular fact or event, you are explaining or describing it only in relation to that fact or event
describe/measure/evaluate etc something in terms of something
Femininity is still defined in terms of beauty.
It’s a mistake to think of Florida only in terms of its tourist attractions.
It’s too early to start talking in terms of casualties.
in terms of what/how/who etc
Did the experiment find any differences in terms of what children learned?
2. in general/practical/financial etc terms used to show that you are describing or considering a subject in a particular way or from a particular point of view
in general/broad/simple etc terms
We explain in simple terms what the treatment involves.
It would be wrong to describe society purely in economic terms.
The war, although successful in military terms, left the economy in ruins.
What do these statistics mean in human terms?
in sb’s terms
In our terms, the scheme has not been a success.
in real/absolute terms (=accurate, true, or including any related changes)
Rail fares have fallen 17 per cent in real terms.
in relative terms (=compared with other, similar things)
Students have less money in relative terms, but spend more on books.
3. WORD [countable] a word or expression with a particular meaning, especially one that is used for a specific subject or type of language
term for
‘Multimedia’ is the term for any technique combining sounds and images.
in no uncertain terms (=in very clear and angry language)
Journalists were told in no uncertain terms that they were not welcome. ⇒ a contradiction in terms at contradiction(3)
4. PERIOD OF TIME [countable] a fixed period of time during which someone does something or something happens
term of/in office (=the time someone spends doing an important job in government)
The mayor was coming to the end of his term in office.
term of
the maximum term of imprisonment
The lease runs for a term of 99 years.
prison/jail term
The men each received a 30-year prison term. ⇒ fixed-term
5. SCHOOL/UNIVERSITY [uncountable and countable] especially British English one of the periods of time that the school or university year is divided into. In Britain, there are usually three terms in a year. ⇒ half-term, semester, quarter
summer/autumn/spring term
The exams are at the end of the summer term.
Teachers often feel overworked in term time (=during the term).
first/last day of term
that all-important first day of term
6. in the long/short/medium term used to say what will happen or what happens generally over a long, short, or medium period of time:
The cost of living will go up in the short term.
In the long term, alcohol causes high blood pressure. ⇒ long-term, short-term
7. END [singular, uncountable] technical the end of a particular period of time:
The agreement reaches its term next year.
a child born two months before full term (=of pregnancy)
We can prolong life beyond its natural term.
8. come to terms with something to accept an unpleasant or sad situation and no longer feel upset or angry about it:
George and Elizabeth have come to terms with the fact that they will never have children.
Counselling helped her come to terms with her grief.
9. CONDITIONS terms [plural]
a) the conditions that are set for an agreement, contract, arrangement etc:
Under the terms of the agreement, the debt would be repaid over 20 years.
your terms and conditions of employment
Delivery is within the terms of this contract.
equal/unequal/the same etc terms (=conditions that are equal, unequal etc)
Small businesses have to compete on equal terms with large organisations.
Men and women should be able to work on level terms.
on sb’s (own) terms (=according to the conditions that someone wants)
He wanted our relationship to be only on his terms.
b) the arrangements for payment that you agree to when you buy or sell something
reasonable/favourable/cheaper etc terms
Some insurance companies offer very reasonable terms.
This allowed tenant farmers to buy land on easy terms (=by paying small sums of money over a long period).
10. RELATIONSHIP terms [plural] if you are on good, bad etc terms with someone, you have a good, bad etc relationship with them
be on good/bad/friendly etc terms (with somebody)
By now, Usha and I were on familiar terms.
He is barely on speaking terms with his father (=they are angry and almost never speak to each other).
We were soon on first-name terms (=using each other’s first names, as a sign of friendship).
11. terms of reference formal the subjects that a person or group of people agree to consider:
the committee’s terms of reference
12. NUMBER/SIGN [countable] technical one of the numbers or signs used in a mathematical calculation
II. term2 verb [transitive usually passive]
to use a particular word or expression to name or describe something:
This condition is sometimes termed RSI, or repetitive strain injury.
Roosevelt termed himself and his policies ‘liberal’.
These developments are loosely termed ‘advanced manufacturing techniques’.
37
the term
bankruptcy
In the context of "senior unsecured debt," the term "senior" refers to the priority level of repayment in case the issuing entity faces financial trouble or bankruptcy
37
precedence - ˈpresɪdəns
subordinate - səˈbɔːdɪnət $ -ˈbɔːr-/ adjective
subordinate noun
səˈbɔːdəneɪt, səˈbɔːdɪneɪt $ -ˈbɔːr-/ verb
Senior debt takes precedence over other types of debt, like subordinated or junior debt
38
catering
the activity of providing and serving food and drinks at parties, meetings etc for money ⇒ self-catering:
Who did the catering?
غذا تهیه کردن
آذوقه رساندن، خواربار رساندن، تهیه کردن، فراهم نمودن
caterer
a person or company that provides and serves food and drinks at a party, meeting etc
39
Debts in finance
seize
Backed by
rely
solely
liquidation or bankruptcy
fluctuate
advantageous or risky
Secured Debt: Backed by collateral, such as a mortgage or auto loan. If the borrower defaults, the lender can seize the collateral.
Unsecured Debt: Not backed by collateral, relying solely on the borrower's creditworthiness. Examples include credit card debt and personal loans.
Senior Debt: Prioritized for repayment in case of liquidation or bankruptcy, often with lower risk and interest rates.
Subordinated Debt: Paid after senior debt, carrying higher risk and typically higher interest rates.
Convertible Debt: Can be converted into equity or shares at a later date, often used by startups or growing businesses.
Fixed-Rate Debt: Interest rates remain constant throughout the loan's term, offering stability in repayment amounts.
Variable-Rate Debt: Interest rates fluctuate based on market conditions, which can be advantageous or risky.
Syndicated Debt: A large loan provided by a group of lenders, often used by corporations for significant projects.
Government Debt: Issued by governments through bonds to fund public expenses, such as infrastructure or social programs.
Corporate Debt: Debt instruments issued by companies to raise capital for operations, projects, or expansion.
40
subordinate
Senior Debt
Subordinated Deb
I. sub‧or‧di‧nate1 AC /səˈbɔːdənət, səˈbɔːdɪnət $ -ˈbɔːr-/ adjective
1. in a less important position than someone else:
a subordinate officer
subordinate to
Women were subordinate to men.
2. less important than something else Synonym : secondary
subordinate to
These aims were subordinate to the main aims of the mission.
II. subordinate2 AC noun [countable]
[Word Family: noun: subordination, subordinate; adjective: subordinate]
someone who has a lower position and less authority than someone else in an organization
III. sub‧or‧di‧nate3 AC /səˈbɔːdəneɪt, səˈbɔːdɪneɪt $ -ˈbɔːr-/ verb [transitive]
[Word Family: noun: subordination, subordinate; adjective: subordinate]
to put someone or something in a less important position
subordinate somebody/something to somebody/something
Why subordinate your wishes to those of your family?
—subordination /səˌbɔːdəˈneɪʃən, səˌbɔːdɪˈneɪʃən $ -ˌbɔːr-/ noun [uncountable]
41
revolving credit facility
ongoing basis
term loan
lump sum
circular - ˈsɜːrkjələr
A revolving credit facility is a type of loan that provides borrowers with access to funds up to a certain limit on an ongoing basis. Unlike a term loan, where the borrower receives a lump sum and repays it over time, a revolving credit facility allows the borrower to withdraw, repay, and borrow again as needed, similar to a credit card. It's a flexible financial tool often used by businesses to manage cash flow, cover operational expenses, or handle short-term financial needs.
revolving
a revolving object is designed so that it turns with a circular movement:
The theatre has a revolving stage.
42
accelerate
synergy
T-Mobile's accelerated achievement of higher
than expected operating cost synergies following its April 2020 merger with Sprint,
synergy
the extra energy, power, success, etc. that is achieved by two or more people, companies or elements working together, instead of on their own
43
integrate - verb
integration - noun
visibility
steady
significant and nearly complete network and operations integration and high visibility into the company's steady path towards sustained debt lever
age
44
prolong
deliberately
lengthen
agony
to finance investments or operations over a prolonged period
prolong
verb
1. to deliberately make something such as a feeling or an activity last longer Synonym : lengthen:
I was trying to think of some way to prolong the conversation.
2. prolong the agony informal to make an unpleasant or anxious time last longer, especially when people are waiting for news:
There’s no point in prolonging the agony any longer.
45
amplify
instability
nervous instability- بی ثباتی عصبی
excessive - much more than is reasonable or necessary: his excessive drinking
it allows entities to amplify their financial capacity beyond their equity. However, it also comes with risks, as excessive or poorly managed leverage can lead to financial instability or default.
instability
noun
1. when a situation is not certain because there is the possibility of sudden change Antonym : stability:
the instability of the market
political instability in the region
2. mental problems that are likely to cause sudden changes of behaviour ⇒ unstable:
nervous instability
46
substantial
end market
enterprise
substantial upside growth potential in historically
under-indexed rural and enterprise end market segments
46
incremental
adjacencies
solid incremental revenue growth adjacencies in fixed wireless access
47
ramping
EBITDA margin expansion and ramping free cash flow over the next 12-18 months
48
spectrum
Moody's views network investments, including
spectrum investments, as supportive of the business profile.
49
conducting
refer to
In conducting financial analysis of a company, the analyst will regularly refer to the company’s financial statements
50
introduces
commonly used
The next lesson introduces commonly used information sources
51
the aim of
returns on equity - on equity
with the aim of increasing returns on equity
52
utilize
possess
a government to utilize more capital than they possess.
53
accelerate
excessive
distress
insolvency
While leverage can accelerate growth, excessive or poor management of debt can lead to financial distress, reduced creditworthiness, or even insolvency.
54
via
often monitored via debt-to-GDP ratios.
55
implement
promote
adherence
ensure
IOSCO's primary mission is to develop, implement, and promote adherence to internationally recognized standards for securities regulation. It aims to ensure that markets are fair, efficient, and transparent, while also working to reduce systemic risks.
56
integrity
Enhancing investor confidence by promoting integrity in financial markets.
57
equitable
Ensuring that market structures are equitable and transparent
58
jurisdictions
IOSCO's members regulate more than 95% of the world's securities markets across over 130 jurisdictions. It also collaborates with other international organizations to address global regulatory challenges.
59
ordinary members, associate members, and affiliate members
60
including principles for reg
ulators, for enforcement, for auditing, and for issuers, among others
61
which exercise some direct oversight for their
areas of competence and should be subject to the oversight of the relevant regulator
and observe fairness and confidentiality.5
62
IOSCO assists
in attaining this goal of uniform regulation as well as cross-border cooperation in
combating violations of securities and derivatives laws.
63
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is a global standard-setting body for the regulation and supervision of banks. It was established in 1974 by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten (G10) countries and is headquartered at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland.
64
which focus on capital adequacy, risk management, and banking supervision.
65
Cooperation: It provides a platform for central banks and banking supervisors to collaborate and share best practices.
66
Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002.
66
the most significant statutes
enforced by the SEC
67
Securities Act of 1933 (the 1933 Act): This law specifies the financial and
other significant information that investors must receive when securities
are sold, prohibits misrepresentations, and requires initial registration of all
public issuances of securities.
■ Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the 1934 Act): This law created the
SEC, gave the SEC authority over all aspects of the securities industry, and
empowered the SEC to require periodic reporting by companies with pub
licly traded securities.
68
Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to oversee auditors.
69
(it requires
executive management to certify that the company’s financial reports fairly
present the company’s condition)
69
so filings that an
analyst would be interested in can be retrieved online from one of many websites,
70
Some
f
ilings are required on the initial offering of securities, whereas others are required
on a periodic basis thereafter
71
This Form shall be used for annual reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d
72
(15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) (the “Act”) for which no
other form is prescribed
73
These reports ensure transparency and compliance with regulatory requirements during periods of change.
74
(like the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Transition Reports)
75
applicable when the registrant changes its fiscal year end.
76
Notwithstanding paragraphs (2) and (3) of this General Instruction A
77
Signature and Filing of Report.
78
the legibility of the
report
78
Interim unaudited financial statements are also provided if the
statement is filed three months or more after a fiscal year end.
79
Securities are financial instruments that hold monetary value and can be traded. They are primarily used to raise capital and are categorized into four main types:
80
4. Derivative Securities
Financial contracts whose value is derived from an underlying asset (e.g., stocks, commodities, or currencies).
Common examples: Options, futures, and swaps.
Often used for hedging risks or speculative purposes.
80
. Debt Securities
Represent borrowed money that must be repaid with interest.
Common examples: Bonds, debentures, and certificates of deposit.
81
81
English Class
flashcards
Decks in class (26)
# Cards
-
CFA 1119
-
CFA 276
-
CFA 368
-
CFTe62
-
General46
-
test13
-
general 212
-
cfa 4103
-
CFTe 23
-
GENERAL 315
-
national trade105
-
Elliot137
-
FII7 Day 160
-
Instagram8
-
general on media3
-
university90
-
the origins of neoliberal capitalism1
-
public economics100
-
econometrics81
-
International Trade83
-
the 100 level 14
-
176
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BOOK: HOW AN ECONOMY GROWS59
-
general 416
-
Market Wizards60
-
konkur1
