Ch 10 (Human Development)

Question 1

Human development is :

Answer 1

lifelong, multi directional, multidimensional, multidisciplinary, plastic & contextual

Question 2

Erikson’s Prosocial Development Stages

Answer 2

1. Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust
2. Toddler: Autonomy vs Guilt/Shame
3. Pre-School: Social Connection vs. Isolation
4. School Age: Industry vs Inferiority
5. Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion
6. Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation
8. Older Adult: Integrity vs Despair

Question 3

Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Answer 3

1. Infancy: Sensorimotor (trial & error, minimal mental representation)
2. Early Childhood: Preoperational (make believe)
3. Early Adolescence: Concrete Operational (logical)
4. Adolescence/Adulthood: Formal Operational (abstract)

Question 4

Infancy & Toddlerhood

Answer 4

• Physical: gross and fine motor, locomotion
• Emotional: differentiation, start to verbalize feelings, tantrums if autonomy is thwarted
• Cognitive: beginning language development

Question 5

Early Childhood

Answer 5

• Social: more co-operative, more structured/realistic play, same-gender play
• Emotional: talk about feelings & incorporate into play (but prefer action over verbal expression), literal & overt
• Cognitive: mental representation, more flexible, egocentric, recall past/envision future, RAPID language development, assimilation to accomodation
• Interventions: identify feelings, facilitate sharing

Question 6

Middle Childhood

Answer 6

• Social: prosocial behavior, enhanced perspective taking, other-acceptance is important
• Emotional: understand conflicting emotions, happiness related to peer acceptance & goal achievement
• Cognitive: logical operations, flexible & rational thinking, better problem solving
• Interventions: identify feeling intensity, examples of good and bad friend behavior

Question 7

Early Adolescence

Answer 7

-Social: peers are dominant, intimate friendships
-Emotional: high emotionality, rapid mood fluctuations, self-conscious & critical
Cognitive: abstract & hypothetical, problem solving
-Interventions: mood management, perceptions

Question 8

Midadolescence

Answer 8

• Social: less dependent on peers, less conformity
• Emotional: more stable and complex
• Cognitive: advanced reasoning, flexible and problem solving, inconsistent in thinking & behaving
• Interventions: stopping assumptions, future decision-making

Question 9

Late Adolescence/Emerging Adulthood

Answer 9

-Social: high autonomy, still need belonging and close personal relationships
-Cognitive: interpretation & understanding subtleties, dialectical thinking (not always clear), achieving
Self-Development: question childhood values/beliefs, clarify orientation and identity
-Interventions: pros/cons list, belief/values clarification

Question 10

Early Adulthood

Answer 10

• Social: role (worker, partner, parent)

- Interventions: navigating changes, determing values & goals

Question 11

Middle Adulthood

Answer 11

• Social: Life structure reassessment (roles, goals)
• Physical changes: hormonal & superficial
• Cognitive: verbal ability peaks
• Interventions: evaluate what’s going well vs desired changes

Question 12

Late Adulthood

Answer 12

• Personal: search for meaning, accept life, achieve satisfaction
• Physical changes: less sensory & physical abilities
• Cognitive: less processing speed, less memory
• Interventions: goal ranking, coping with loss