1
Q
(sensory function)
- Collect info from environment, and relay it to the CNS on sensory neurons
- Respond to specific stimuli
A
sensory receptors
2
Q
(sensory function)
- Receptors that are widely distributed throughout body
- Skin, various organs and joints
A
general senses
3
Q
(sensory function)
- Specialized receptors confined to structures in head
- Eyes, ears, nose, mouth
A
special sense
4
Q
A feeling that occurs when brain becomes aware of sensory info:
A
sensation
5
Q
The way the brain interprets the sensory info:
A
perception
6
Q
What causes change in its membrane potential?
A
stimulation of receptor
7
Q
Ability to ignore unimportant stimuli:
A
sensory adaptation
8
Q
(touch and pressure senses)
- Common in epithelial tissues
- Simplest receptors
- Sense itching
A
free nerve endings
9
Q
(temperature senses)
- Sensitive to temps above 77 degrees
- Unresponsive to temps above 113 degrees
A
warm receptors
10
Q
(temperature senses)
Sensitive to temps between 50-68 degrees:
A
cold receptors
11
Q
(temperature senses)
- Responds to temps below 10 Celsius, produce freezing sensation
- Responds to temps above 45 Celsius, produce burning sensation
A
pain receptors
12
Q
Visceral pain may feel as if coming from some other part of the body: (ex. heart pains feels like it’s coming from left shoulder)
A
referred pain
13
Q
Where does sensation of pain begin?
A
thalamus
14
Q
- Judges intensity of pain
- Locates source of pain
- Produces emotional and motor responses to pain
A
cerebral cortex
15
Q
Regulates flow of impulses from spinal cord:
A
gray matter in brainstem
16
Q
What are 3 pain-inhibiting substances produced in body?
A
- Enkephalins
- Serotonin
- Endorphins
17
Q
- Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles
- Initiate stretch reflexes in which spindle stretch causes muscle contraction
A
muscle spindles
18
Q
- Stretch receptors in tendons
- Stimulate reflexes that oppose stretch reflexes
- Help maintain posture
A
Golgi tendon organs
19
Q
(special senses)
Olfactory organs in nasal cavity:
A
smell
20
Q
(special senses)
Taste buds in oral cavity:
A
taste
21
Q
(special senses)
Hearing and equilibrium:
A
ears
22
Q
(special senses)
Sight:
A
eyes
23
Q
(sense of smell)
Contains olfactory receptor cells and supporting epithelial cells:
A
olfactory organs
24
Q
Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through openings where?
A
cribriform plate
25
Olfactory nerves-----> Olfactory bulbs-----> Olfactory tracts----->
limbic system and olfactory cortex
26
Center for memory and provides emotional attachment:
limbic system
27
Sense of taste:
gustation
28
(sense of taste)
- Organs of taste
- Located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, lining of cheek
taste buds
29
(sense of taste)
| -Chemoreceptors
taste receptors
30
(sense of taste)
| Modified epithelial cells that function as receptors:
taste cells
31
(sense of taste)
| Microvili that protrude from taste cells through pores of taste buds:
taste hairs
32
(outer ear)
- Funnel-shaped
- Collects sound waves
auricle
33
(outer ear)
- S-shaped tube
- Lined with ceruminous glands
- Carries sound to tympanic membrane
- Terminates at tympanic membrane
external acoustic meatus
34
(middle ear)
| Air-filled space in temporal bone:
tympanic cavity
35
(middle ear)
- Opening in wall of tympanic cavity
- Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear
oval window
36
(middle ear)
-Muscle contractions that occur during loud sounds, to lessen the transfer of sound vibrations to inner ear and prevent damage to hearing receptors
tympanic reflex
37
(middle ear)
- Connects middle ear to throat
- Helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
- Usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat
auditory tube
38
(inner ear)
- Functions in hearing
- Coiled around bony core, modiolus
cochlea
39
(inner ear)
| What is a bony shelf that coils around the cochlea?
spiral lamina
40
(inner ear)
| Window in wall of inner ear facing the tympanic cavity, through which excess vibrations dissipate into tympanic cavity:
round window
41
(cochlea)
- Upper compartment
- Leads from oval window to apex of spiral
- Part of body labyrinth
scala vestibuli
42
(cochlea)
- Lower compartment
- Extends from apex of cochlea to round window
- Part of body labyrinth
scala tympani
43
(cochlea)
- Middle compartment
- Portion of membranous labyrinth in cochlea
cochlear duct
44
(cochlea)
| Separates scala vestiboli from cochlear duct:
vestibular membrane
45
(cochlea)
| Separates cochlear duct from scala tympani:
basilar membrane
46
(cochlea)
| Extends partially into cochlear duct; part of the hearing receptor organ:
tectorial membrane
47
- Organ for sense of hearing
- Sits on upper surface of basilar membrane
- Contains hearing receptor cells, called hair cells
spiral organ
48
- Passes like a roof over the hair cell stereovilli
- Sound vibrations cause stereo cilia to contact and bend against the tectorial membrane
- Different frequencies of vibration move different parts of basilar membrane
basilar membrane
49
(hearing loss)
- Interference with conduction of sound vibrations to inner ear
- 95% of cases of hearing loss
- Caused by accusation of ear wax, hardening or injury of tympanic membrane, injury to auditory ossicles
- Diagnostic tests: Rinne test and Weber test
conductive deafness
50
(hearing loss)
- Damage to cochlea, auditory nerve, or nerve pathways
- Can be caused by long-term exposure to very loud sounds, such as factory noise, loud music
- Also caused by CNS tumors, brain damage resulting from a stroke
sensorineural deafness
51
(sense of equilibrium)
- Senses position of head when body is not moving
- Receptors are found in vestibule of inner ear
statice equilibrium
52
(sense of equilibrium)
- Senses rotation and movement of head and body
- Receptors are found in semicircular canals
dynamic equilibrium
53
Has hair cells embedded in gelatinous material, with otoliths on its surface:
macula
54
Gravity pulls on ___________ mass when head changes position.
gelatinous
55
_________ shift position, and pull on gelatinous mass and cilia of hair cells.
otoliths
56
This results in generation of nerve impulses in vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve.
bending of hairs
57
A swelling of the membranous labyrinth that communicates with the vestibule:
ampulla
58
- Sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium
- Hair cells and supporting cells
- Located in ampulla of each semicircular canal
- Consists of hair cells whose hairs extend upward into dome-shape gelatinous mass
crista ampullaris
59
What are 4 accessory organs for sense of sight?
- eyelids
- eyelashes
- lacrimal apparatus
- extrinsic eye muscles
60
(lacrimal apparatus)
- In orbit, lateral to eye
- Secretes tears
lacrimal gland
61
(lacrimal apparatus)
| Antibacterial component of tears:
lysozyme
62
(eye muscles)
| Rotates eye up and medially:
superior rectus
63
(eye muscles)
| Rotates eye down and medially:
inferior rectus
64
(eye muscles)
| Rotates eye medially:
medial rectus
65
(eye muscles)
| Rotates eyes laterally:
lateral rectus
66
(eye muscles)
| Rotates eye down and laterally:
superior oblique
67
(eye muscles)
| Rotates eye up and laterally:
inferior oblique
68
(outer tunic)
| Cornea+Sclera:
outer tunic
69
(outer tunic)
- Transparent
- Helps focus light rays
- Transmits and refracts light
cornea
70
(outer tunic)
- White, opaque
- Protects eye, attaches muscles
- Pierced by optic nerve and blood vessels
sclera
71
(middle tunic)
| Choroid coat+Ciliary body+Iris:
middle tunic
72
(middle tunic)
- Provides blood supply
- Contains melanocytes
- Melanin absorbs extra light
choroid light
73
(middle tunic)
- Thickest portion, pigmented
- Forms ring to hold lens
- Changes lens shape for focusing
ciliary body
74
(middle tunic)
- In front of lens
- Pigmented
- Controls light entering eye
iris
75
Between cornea and lens, filled with watery fluid:
aqueous humor
76
Transparent, biconvex, lies behind iris, elastic, held in place by suspensory ligaments of ciliary body; helps focus light rays, and changes shape for long distance or close vision:
lens
77
Forms internal ring around the front of the eye:
ciliary body
78
Lies just behind iris and pupil:
lens
79
A change in shape of lens, to view close objects:
accommodation
80
Lens _________ and becomes more convex when focusing on close objects.
thickens
81
Lens _________ and becomes flatter when focusing on distant objects.
thins
82
- Controls amount of light entering the eye
| - Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle
iris
83
Window or opening in center of iris:
pupil
84
Pupils dilate to:
dim light
85
Pupil constrict to:
bright light
86
- Fluid in anterior cavity
- Secreted by epithelium on inner surface of ciliary body
- Provides nutrients and maintains shape of anterior portion of eye
- Leaves cavity through scleral venous sinus
aqueous humor
87
- Inner tunic consists of
- Contains visual receptors
- Continuous with optic nerve in back of eye
- Ends just behind margin of ciliary body toward front of eye
- Composed of several layers
retina
88
(inner tunic)
| Yellowish spot in retina:
macula lutea
89
(inner tunic)
| Center of macula lutea; produces sharpest vision, only cones:
fovea centralis
90
(inner tunic)
Blind spot; contains no visual receptors; found where nerve fibers from retina leave eye to become optic nerve, no rods or cones:
optic disc
91
(inner tunic)
| Thick gel that holds retina flat against choroid coat:
vitreous humor
92
Space enclosed by lens, ciliary body, and retina:
posterior cavity
93
Bending of light, which occurs when light waves pass at an angle between mediums of different densities:
refraction
94
(photoreceptors)
- Long, thin projections
- Contain light sensitive pigment, called rhodopsin
- Provide vision in dim light
- Produce colorless vision
- Produce outlines of objects
rods
95
(photoreceptors)
- Short, blunt projections
- Contain light sensitive pigments
- Provide vision in bright light
- Produce sharp images
- Produce color vision
cones
96
Light-sensitive pigment in rods:
rhodopsin
97
Erythrolabe:
responds to red light
98
Chlorolabe:
responds to green light
99
Cyanolabe:
responds to blue light
A&P 1
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
