Anatomy and Physiology > CH. 16 ENDOCRINE - CLASS NOTES > Flashcards

CH. 16 ENDOCRINE - CLASS NOTES Flashcards

(102 cards)

Study These Flashcards
2
Q

What is the second controlling system of the body?

A

Endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones are also called:

A

chemical messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones control 5 processes

A 
reproduction
growth and development
mobilization of body defences
homeostasis
regulation of metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 effects caused by hormones

A

changes in plasma membrane permeabilityprotein synthesisenzyme activation/inactivationmitosis stimulation
secretory activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hormones are produced by _____ cells

A

specialized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cells secreted hormones into _______ fluid

A

extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hormones are transferred to target sites by the _______

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hormones _______ the activity of other cells

A

regulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 main hormone classifications

A
  1. steroids - can go through cell membrane
  2. non-steroids
  3. prostaglandins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hormones affect only certain _____ or ______

A

tissues, organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

target cells must have specific protein ________

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 mechanisms in which hormones act:

A
  1. direct gene activation (steroid)

2. second-messenger system (non-steroid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

direct gene activation (steroid)

A
  • can go through plasma membrane
  • enter nucleus
  • activate genes & DNA
  • effects can take 45 minutes to days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

second messenger system

A
  • cannot pass through membrane

- uses a receptor protein- faster (seconds to minutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 hormone stimuli

A
  1. hormonal
  2. humoral
  3. nerve impulses (sympathetic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by __________ feedback

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does hormonal stimuli mean & give example

A

hormone release stimulated by other hormones

- pituitary gland targets thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is humoral stimuli & give example

A

hormone release stimulated by body fluids & blood

- insulin is produced based on blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is neural stimuli & give example

A

hormone release stimulated by nerve impulses- release of adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

8 major endocrine organs

A
  1. pituitary gland & hypothalamus
  2. pineal gland
  3. thyroid gland
  4. parathyroid gland
  5. adrenal gland
  6. thymus gland
  7. pancreas
  8. gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

this gland is the size of a pea

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hangs by a stalk and connected to the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pituitary gland has 2 functional lobes

A

anterior pituitary - glandular tissue

posterior pituitary - nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what gland is known as the “master endocrine gland”

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete
6
27
2 anterior pituitary hormones that affect non-endocrine targets:
1. growth hormone | 2. prolactin
28
4 anterior pituitary hormones that affect endocrine targets - called tropic hormones:
1. thyroid-stimulating hormone 2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3 & 4. gonadtropic hormones (FSH & LH)
29
3 characteristics of anterior pituitary hormones:
1. proteins 2. second-messenger sytems 3. mostly regulated by negative feedback
30
general metabolic hormone
GROWTH HORMONE
31
growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
GROWTH HORMONE
32
causes amino acids to build proteins
GROWTH HORMONE
33
causes fats to be broken down for energy
GROWTH HORMONE
34
spares glucose to maintain blood sugar homeostasis
GROWTH HORMONE
35
3 main kind of GROWTH HORMONE disorders
1. pituitary dwarfism 2. gigantism 3. acromegaly
36
stimulates milk production following childbirth
PROLACTIN
37
regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH)
38
influences growth and activity of thyroid gland
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
39
2 gonadtropic hormones
1. FSH | 2. LH
40
stimulates follicle development in ovaries and development of sperm in testes
FSH
41
triggers ovulation of egg in females and production of testosterone
LH
42
hypothalamus is regulated by what gland
PITUITARY
43
2 Hormones of posterior pituitary gland:
1. oxytocin | 2. ADH
44
stimulates contractions of uterus during labour
OXYTOCIN
45
causes milk ejection
OXYTOCIN
46
induces labour
OXYTOCIN
47
causes a positive feedback loop
OXYTOCIN
48
promotes water absorption
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
49
drinking alcohol inhibits the secretion of this hormone
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
50
this gland hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
PINEAL GLAND
51
secretes MELATONIN
PINEAL GLAND
52
establishes sleep cycle
PINEAL GLAND
53
affects moods - serotonin
PINEAL GLAND
54
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
PINEAL GLAND
55
this gland is found at the base of the throat and consists of 2 lobes
THYROID GLAND
56
thyroid gland produces 2 hormones
1. thyroid hormone | 2. calcitonin
57
this hormone is the major metabolic hormone
THYROID HORMONE
58
increases rate of metabolism of all cells
THYROID HORMONE
59
important in process of normal tissue growth and development
THYROID HORMONE
60
targets all cells in the body
THYROID HORMONE
61
3 examples of THYROID disorders
1. GOITER (enlarged thyroid) 2. MYXEDEMA (physical and mental fatigue) 3. GRAVE'S DISEASE (increased metabolism
62
decreases blood calcium levels by depositing in into the bone and increasing calcium storage
CALCITONIN
63
opposite to parathyroid hormone
CALCITONIN
64
tiny masses on posterior of thyroid
PARATHYROID GLAND
65
parathyroid gland secretes this hormone
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
66
removes calcium from bones to raise calcium in blood
PARATHYROID HORMONE
67
2 hormones involved in calcium homeostasis
1. calcitonin | 2. parathyroid hormone
68
these glands sit on top of the kidneys
ADRENAL GLANDS
69
2 parts of the adrenal glands
1. adrenal cortex | 2. adrenal medulla
70
3 hormones secreted by adrenal cortex
1. mineralocorticoid (ALDOSTERONE)2. glucocorticoids (CORTISOL)3. gonadocorticoid (ANDROGEN - sex hormone)
71
hormone produced from adrenal cortex that regulates mineral content
MINERALOCORTICOID
72
hormone produced from adrenal cortex that helps resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
GLUCOCORTICOID - CORTISOL
73
sex hormone produced by adrenal cortex
GONADOCORTICOID - ANDROGEN
74
2 adrenal cortex disorders
1. ADDISON'S DISEASE (bronze skin) | 2. CUSHING'S SYNDROME (buffalo hump)
75
2 hormones produced by adrenal medula
1. epinephrine (adrenaline) | 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
76
adrenaline & noradrenaline are part of the 'fight or flight' response of the _________ nervous system
sympathetic
77
short-term stress hormones:
- epinephrine & norepinephrine (adrenaline)
78
long-term hormones:
- mineralcorticoids- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
79
2 hormones produced by pancreatic islets
1. insulin | 2. glucagon
80
this hormone lowers blood sugar levels
insulin
81
this hormone increases blood sugar levels
glucagon
82
2 hormones involved in blood sugar homeostasis
glucagon and insulin
83
2 types of diabetes caused by homeostatic imbalance
1. diabetes type 1 - requires insulin | 2. diabetes type 2 - insulin resistant
84
this gland is located posterior to the sternum
THYMUS GLAND
85
this gland is largest in infants and then atrophies as we age
THYMUS GLAND
86
this gland produces THYMOSIN
THYMUS GLAND
87
this hormone is important in developing immune system
THYMOSIN
88
2 GONAD glands
1. ovaries | 2. testes
89
2 hormones present in OVARIES
1. estrogen | 2. progesterone
90
hormone present in testes
- TESTOSTERONE (an androgen)
91
this hormone promotes and maintains female sexual characteristics
ESTROGEN
92
this hormone acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle
PROGESTERONE
93
helps in the implantation of embryo
PROGESTERONE
94
helps prepare breasts to lactate
PROGESTERONE
95
regulation of ovarian hormone secretion depends on changing levels of these 2 hormones
FSH & LH
96
this is the most important androgen
TESTOSTERONE
97
this hormone is responsible for adult male sex characteristics
TESTOSTERONE
98
this hormone promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
TESTOSTERONE
99
this hormone is required for sperm cell production
TESTOSTERONE
100
this organ produces hormones that are present only during pregnancy
PLACENTA
101
this hormone produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - detectable by pregnancy tests
PLACENTA
102
hormone produced by the heart
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
103
ANP is antagonistic to what 2 hormones
ADH and aldosterone
Anatomy and Physiology
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions