Ch. 2

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

The single cell that is formed from the fusing of two gametes, sperm and ovum

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

The molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins

Question 3

Chromosome

Answer 3

One of the 46 molecules of DNA that almost every cell of the human body contains

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

A small section of a chromosome; basic unit for transmission of heredity

Question 5

Gamete

Answer 5

A reproductive cell, sperm or ovum

Question 6

Allele

Answer 6

Any possible forms of a gene

Question 7

Genotype

Answer 7

An organism’s entire genetic inheritance or genetic potential

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

The observable characteristics of a person

Question 9

Genome

Answer 9

The full set of genes for a certain species

Question 10

XX

Answer 10

Female

Question 11

XY

Answer 11

Male

Question 12

Monozygotic twins

Answer 12

Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development (identical twins)

Question 13

Dizygotic twins

Answer 13

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time (fraternal twins)

Question 14

Additive gene

Answer 14

A gene that contributes to the phenotype

Question 15

Dominant-recessive pattern

Answer 15

The interaction of a pair of genes in such a way that the phenotype reveals the influence of one more than that of the other

Question 16

Carrier

Answer 16

A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype

Question 17

X-linked

Answer 17

A gene carried on the X chromosome

Question 18

Germinal period

Answer 18

The first two weeks of development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division

Question 19

Embryonic period

Answer 19

The stage of prenatal development from the end of the 2nd week through the 8th week after conception; formation of body structures and internal organs

Question 20

Fetal period

Answer 20

The stage of prenatal development from nine weeks after conception until birth

Question 21

Stem cells

Answer 21

Cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form

Question 22

Implantation

Answer 22

10 days after conception, developing organism burrows into the tissue that lines the uterus where it will be nourished

Question 23

Embryo

Answer 23

The name for a developing human organism from 2-8 weeks after conception

Question 24

Sonogram

Answer 24

An image of a fetus produced by using high-frequency sound waves

Question 25

Fetus

Answer 25

The name for a developing human from week 9 til birth

Question 26

Age of viability

Answer 26

The age at which the fetus may survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available

Question 27

Apgar scale

Answer 27

A quick assessment of a newborn's health

Question 28

C-section

Answer 28

Surgical birth

Question 29

Doula

Answer 29

A woman who helps with the birth process

Question 30

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Answer 30

A test that measures a newborn's responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, 20 reflexes

Question 31

Reflex

Answer 31

An unlearned, involuntary action in response to a stimulus

Question 32

Postpartum depression

Answer 32

Deep sadness and inadequacy felt after giving birth

Question 33

Couvade

Answer 33

Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experience by fathers

Question 34

Down syndrome

Answer 34

An extra chromosome at the 21st position (47 instead of 46)

Question 35

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 35

A genetic condition that involves the X chromosome and that causes slow development

Question 36

Teratogen

Answer 36

Any agent or condition that can impair prenatal development, resulting in birth defects or complications

Question 37

Behavioral teratogens

Answer 37

Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning

Question 38

Threshold effect

Answer 38

A Teratogen can be harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level

Question 39

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 39

You know what this is

Question 40

Cerebral palsy

Answer 40

A disorder that results from damage to the brain's motor centers

Question 41

Anoxia

Answer 41

A lack of oxygen

Question 42

False positives

Answer 42

A result in a lab test that suggests an abnormality that is not present

Question 43

Low birthweight

Answer 43

<5.5lbs at birth

Question 44

Very low birthweight

Answer 44

<3lbs 5oz at birth

Question 45

Extremely low birthweight

Answer 45

<2lbs 3oz at birth

Question 46

Preterm birth

Answer 46

Birth at 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of pregnancy

Question 47

Small for gestational age

Answer 47

Body weight at birth significantly lower than expected

Question 48

Heritability

Answer 48

A statistic that indicates what % of the variation in a trait within a population can be traced to genes