Contribution of Georges Cuvier
documented extinctions; promoted catastrophism; opposed evolution but fossil sequence suggested change overtime
Contribution of James Hutton
Proposed gradualism– slow continual processes accumulate into large effects; influenced Darwin
Contribution of Jean Lamarck
Inheritance of acquired characteristics through use/disuse; said traits are passed to offspring
Contribution of Charles Lyell
Proposed uniformitarianism– present processes explain the past; concluded earth is very old; Darwin read his work
Contribution of Thomas Malthus
Said populations grow faster than food supplies –> survival of the fittest
Contribution of Charles Darwin
Developed theory of natural selection; based on variation, heritability, and overproduction; published Origin of Species
Contribution of Alfred Wallace
Independently developed same theory as Darwin; paper presented w/ Darwin’s
Tenets of natural selection
variation exists; variation is heritable; more offspring produced than survive; individuals with better traits reproduce more
Fossils supporting evolution
Fossils compared by age/depth; sequences show evolutionary change over time
Transitional fossils supporting evidence
Claimed to show gradual transition from one form to another
Why is Tiktaalik no longer seen as an amphibian ancestor?
More recent discoveries of terrestial footprints 18 million yrs ago prior to Tiktaalik rule it out as ancestor of walking amphibians
How is biogeography used to support evolution?
Species in a region are claimed to evolve from pre-existing species; ex. Australia lacking placental mammals
Creationist view on geographic distribution
Migration after the flood; marsupials reached Australia before rising oceans isolated it
How does convergent evolution support evolution
Unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures
Creationist view on similar traits in unrelated animals
similarities reflect common design
How is artificial selection used to support evolution
Shows species can change when selected for certain traits; natural selection is claimed to work similarly
Problem with using artificial selection as model for natural selection
Always involves intelligence and shows limits; macroevolution needs creation of new structures
How are homologous structures used to support evolution
claimed to come from common ancestor but serve different functions
Creationist view on homologous structures
reflect common design; different genes control these structures
How are vestigial structures used to support evolution?
viewed as remnants of once-functional ancestral structures
Creationist view of vestigial structures
Many are not useless; do not prove ancestry
How do developmental homologies support evolution?
different species show similar embryonic stages
How do molecular homologies support evolution?
closely related species have more similar DNA or amino acid sequences
How do Creationists interpret developmental and molecular homologies
Molecular comparisons involve circular reasoning; similarities may result from common design
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Ch. 4- General Features of Cells52
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Ch. 5- Membrane Structure, Synthesis, & Transport & 10.2- Cell Junctions45
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Ch. 6- Intro to Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism26
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Ch. 8- Photosynthesis46
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Ch. 7- Cellular Respiration55
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Ch. 9- Cell Communication33
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Ch. 11- Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure43
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Ch. 12- Gene Expression at the Molecular Level35
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Ch. 15- DNA Mutations13
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Ch. 16- The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis52
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Ch. 17- Simple Patterns of Inheritance28
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Ch. 22- Evolution31
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Final118
