Ch 24

Question 1

1. The major role of the gallbladder is to secrete bile salts for digestion of what substance?
   a. Fats
   b. Sugars
   c. Proteins
   d. Vitamins
   e. Carbohydrates

Answer 1

a. Fats

Question 2

2. The bolus created in the oral cavity is undergoing what chemical digestion technique(s) ( mark all that apply)?
   a. Carbohydrate
   b. Lipid
   c. Protein
   d. Fiber
   e. Amino acid

Answer 2

a. Carbohydrate

b. Lipid

Question 3

3. A generalized increase in all secretions of the digestive tract is a result of which stimulation?
   a. Sympathetic
   b. Myenteric reflexes
   c. Parasympathetic
   d. Localized reflexes
   e. Long reflexes

Answer 3

c. Parasympathetic

Question 4

4. The enzyme that digests the proteins into polypeptides is what?
   a. Amylase
   b. Lipase
   c. Maltase
   d. Pepsin
   e. HCL

Answer 4

d. Pepsin

Question 5

5. Which of the following are responsible for increasing the surface area of the small intestine? ( MARK ALL THAT APPLY)
   a. Haustra
   b. Plicae
   c. Lacteals
   d. Intestinal villi
   e. Gastric pits

Answer 5

b. Plicae

d. Intestinal villi

Question 6

6. The production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa is controlled and regulated by what?
   a. The central nervous system
   b. Short reflexes in the gastric wall
   c. Digestive tract hormones
   d. All of the above
   e. None of the above

Answer 6

d. All of the above

Question 7

7. Tongue functions include which of the following?
   a. Mechanical processing
   b. Sensory analysis
   c. Secretion of mucins
   d. Assisting with bollus formation
   e. All of the above

Answer 7

e. All of the above

Question 8

8. Which of the following structures is supplying highly nutrient rich blood to the Hepatic Portal system?
   a. Large intestine
   b. Small intestine
   c. Gastric
   d. Spleen
   e. A and B

Answer 8

e. A and B

Question 9

9. The initial location for chemical breakdown of proteins is located where?
   a. Oral cavity
   b. Stomach
   c. Deuodenum
   d. Small intestine
   e. Cecum

Answer 9

b. Stomach

Question 10

10. The main proteolitic enzyme from the pancreas that digests the polypeptides to small peptide chains is what?
    a. Amylase
    b. Lipase
    c. Maltase
    d. Trypsin
    e. HCL

Answer 10

d. Trypsin

Question 11

11. The enzyme alpha amylase digests which of the following?
    a. Proteins
    b. Carbohydrates
    c. Monosacharides
    d. Lipids
    e. Nucleic acids

Answer 11

b. Carbohydrates

Question 12

12. The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by which of the following?
    a. Sight of food
    b. Entry of chime in the small intestine
    c. Entry of chime in the large intestine
    d. Release of bile in the small intestine
    e. Entry of food into the stomach

Answer 12

e. Entry of food into the stomach

Question 13

13. The pancreas produces ______________ digesting enzymes in the form of proenzymes.
    a. Carbohydrates
    b. Protein
    c. Sugar
    d. Lipid
    e. Nucleic Acid

Answer 13

b. Protein

Question 14

14. Chief cells and Parietal cells secrete which of the following
    a. HCL and gastrin
    b. Mucus and pepsinogen
    c. Intrinsic factor and mucus
    d. HCL and pepsinogen
    e. Enterokinase and intrinsic factor

Answer 14

d. HCL and pepsinogen

Question 15

15. You are caring for a 68 year old patient who is three days post op. During your routine exam you notice hypo-bowel sounds. The person probably has a decrease in which of the following?
    a. Protein digestion
    b. Gastric secretions
    c. Peristalsis
    d. Local reflexes
    e. nothing

Answer 15

c. Peristalsis

Question 16

Your molars are most useful for _____.

a. crushing and grinding a tough pizza
b. shredding meat off a bone
c. nipping the end of a carrot
d. none of the above

Answer 16

a. crushing and grinding a tough pizza

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of mesenteries?

a. Mesenteries stabilize the organs of the abdominal cavity.
b. Mesenteries provide a route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels to and from the digestive tract.
c. Mesenteries prevent the intestines from becoming tangled with changes in body position.
d. All of the above are correct.

Answer 17

d. All of the above are correct

Question 18

What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes?

a. swallowing
b. hiccupping
c. speaking
d. coughing

Answer 18

a. swallowing

Question 19

What is the primary source of flatus emitted from the intestines?

a. indole and skatole, two nitrogen-containing compounds
b. ammonia in the form of ammonium ions
c. indigestible carbohydrates acted on by bacteria
d. breakdown products of bilirubin

Answer 19

c. indigestible carbohydrates acted on by bacteria

Question 20

Which age-related changes in the digestive system are the results of decreased smooth muscle tone?

a. weaker peristaltic contractions and decrease in motility
b. thinning of epithelia of the mouth, esophagus, and anus
c. presence of hemorrhoids and esophageal reflux
d. both A and C

Answer 20

d. both A and C

Question 21

The four major layers of the GI tract are ______.

a. mucosa, digestive epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa
b. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
c. submucosa, submucosal plexus, myenteric plexus, and serosa
d. none of the above

Answer 21

b. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Question 22

Which type of epithelium lines the intestines, and why?

a. simple squamous epithelium; because the absorption of nutrients occurs here
b. stratified squamous epithelium; because this area is subjected to abrasion
c. stratified cuboidal epithelium with cilia; because this area has many secretions from glands
d. simple columnar epithelium; because this area is involved with the absorption of nutrients

Answer 22

d. simple columnar epithelium; because this area is involved with the absorption of nutrients

Question 23

Which structures comprise a hepatic triad?

a. branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and a branch of the bile duct
b. branches of the cystic duct, common bile duct, and common hepatic duct
c. the superior mesenteric and splenic veins
d. none of the above

Answer 23

a. branches of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and a branch of the bile duct

Question 24

The major histological differences between the large intestine and small intestine are that the large intestine ______.

a. lacks villi, has abundant goblet cells, and has deeper intestinal glands
b. has longer villi, more microvilli, and plicae
c. has a larger nutrient absorptive surface
d. produces more enzymes and hormones

Answer 24

a. lacks villi, has abundant goblet cells, and has deeper intestinal glands

Question 25

How do most chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system? ``` a. through the left and right subclavian veins b. through lacteals c. through the thoracic duct d. through the hepatic portal system ```

Answer 25

b. through lacteals

Question 26

Where in the human body will chemical digestion begin? a. in the oral cavity b. in the esophagus c. in the stomach d. none of the above

Answer 26

a. in the oral cavity

Question 27

In which region(s) of the digestive tract does mechanical processing occur? a. in the mouth, by teeth and the tongue b. in the stomach, by churning c. in the small intestine, by segmentation d. all the above

Answer 27

d. all of the above

Question 28

What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? a. It contains skeletal muscle along the superior one-third of its length. b. It is surrounded by serosa. c. It contains a combination of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle along the superior one-third of its length. d. It contains nerves.

Answer 28

a. It contains skeletal muscle along the superior one-third of its length.

Question 29

How do the regional specializations of the small intestine change along its length? a. The duodenum has small villi and numerous mucous glands. b. The jejunum has numerous villi for absorption. c. The ileum contains aggregated lymphoid nodules. d. All of the above are correct.

Answer 29

d. All of the above are correct

Question 30

Where are the motor neurons that control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretions of the GI tract located? a. in the hypothalamus b. in the submucosal plexus c. in the myenteric plexus d. in the muscularis mucosa

Answer 30

c. in the myenteric plexus

Question 31

Which of the enzymes below would digest a particular carbohydrate into glucose and fructose? a. lactase b. maltase c. sucrase d. nuclease

Answer 31

c. sucrase

Question 32

The liver has more than 200 critical functions. Which of the following is NOT a liver function? a. carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism b. vitamin and mineral storage c. secretion of CCK, storage and concentration of bile d. removal of antibodies, circulating hormones, and toxins

Answer 32

c. secretion of CCK, storage and concentration of bile

Question 33

How do the roles of pepsinogen and HCI interact in the stomach? a. They both digest chyme. b. HCI is necessary to prevent pepsinogen from digesting proteins. c. They both kill microorganisms. d. HCI is necessary for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.

Answer 33

d. HCI is necessary for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 34

What effect(s) does the secretion of CCK have on a fatty meal’s entrance to the duodenum? a. speeds up gastric emptying b. reduces rate and force of gastric contractions c. inhibits secretion of gastric acids and enzymes, slowing gastric emptying d. increases secretion of gastrin and decreases bile secretion

Answer 34

c. inhibits secretion of gastric acids and enzymes, slowing gastric emptying

Question 35

What effect does secretion of secretin by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum have on the pancreas? a. It stimulates the secretion of glucagon. b. It stimulates production of pancreatic buffers that protect the duodenum. c. It stimulates the secretion of insulin. d. It promotes production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes.

Answer 35

b. It stimulates production of pancreatic buffers that protect the duodenum

Question 36

Why is diarrhea potentially life threatening, but constipation is not? a. Wastes not eliminated as feces will be eliminated through urine. b. Constipation affects only gastric motility. c. Constipation causes edema. d. Diarrhea causes rapid water and electrolyte loss.

Answer 36

d. Diarrhea causes rapid water and electrolyte loss.

Question 37

When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerve serving the stomach are sometimes surgically severed. This is because the vagus nerve: a. carries gastric pain sensations to the brain stem. b. stimulates gastric motility through the parasympathetic division. c. stimulates gastric secretions through the parasympathetic division. d. causes ulcers due to overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 37

c. stimulates gastric secretions through the parasympathetic division.

Question 38

Which disorder increases the rate at which fluids move into the peritoneal cavity? What condition results from excess fluids in the peritoneal cavity? a. liver disease; ascites b. gastric ulcers; internal bleeding c. diarrhea; dehydration d. Crohn’s disease; malabsorption

Answer 38

a. liver disease; ascites

Question 39

Which statement below is true with regard to gastric activity in the digestive system? a. Overstimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS can inhibit the cephalic phase and lead to stomach upset. b. Caffeine and alcohol, when used as part of a meal, will inhibit gastric activity. c. Emotional states have no effect on gastric activity. d. All of the above are correct.

Answer 39

a. Overstimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS can inhibit the cephalic phase and lead to stomach upset.

Question 40

Which of the following statements correctly states the absorption of an ion/vitamin? a. Ca2+ absorption is inhibited by calcitriol. b. Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to extrinsic factor. c. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from micelles along with dietary lipids. d. Aldosterone is a hormone that stimulates the absorption of K+.

Answer 40

c. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed from micelles along with dietary lipids.

Question 41

How does taking fat-soluble vitamins on an empty stomach affect the absorption of those vitamins? a. The vitamins are not absorbed, because they require presence of other lipids. b. Having an empty stomach enhances absorption. c. A different metabolic pathway is used when you have an empty stomach. d. None of the above is correct.

Answer 41

a. The vitamins are not absorbed, because they require presence of other lipids.