Ch. 29

Question 1

virulence

Answer 1

-ability to produce disease; their ability to enter and survive in a host.

Question 2

Immunocompromised

Answer 2

• has an impaired immune system

Question 3

reservoir

Answer 3

• where microorganism survive and multiply and await transfer to a susceptible host.

Question 4

Direct

Answer 4

-person to person( fecal or oral) physical contact between source and susceptible host

Question 5

Indirect

Answer 5

person to object

- needles or sharp objects, dressing and environment

Question 6

Droplet

Answer 6

particles that travel 3 feet during coughing, sneezing or talking
-MRSA AND C-DIFF

Question 7

Airborne

Answer 7

• droplet nuclei pr residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air during coughing or sneezing

Question 8

localized infection

Answer 8

• wound infection

- symptoms: pain, tenderness, warmth, and redness

Question 9

systemic infection

Answer 9

effects entire body and can become fatal if untreated

Question 10

course of infection by stage

Answer 10

• incubation period
• prodromal period
• illness stage
• convalescence

Question 11

Incubation period

Answer 11

• interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptom.

Question 12

Prodromal stage

Answer 12

interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms(malaise, low grade fever, fatigue) to more specific symptoms.
- microorganisms multiply and spreading of disease to others

Question 13

Illness stage

Answer 13

-manifestation of S&S specific to type of interaction

Question 14

Convalescence

Answer 14

• acute symptoms of infection disappear

Question 15

Normal Floras

Answer 15

• participate in maintaining health

Question 16

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 16

acts against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Question 17

Suprainfection

Answer 17

Developed when broad spectrum antibiotics eliminate wide range of normal flora organisms

Question 18

Natural defense Mechanisms against infection

Answer 18

cont…

Question 19

skin

1. intact multilayered surface

Answer 19

Action: provides barrier to micro organisms

Factors that may affect: cuts, abrasions, puncture wounds, areas of macerations

Question 20

Mouth

1. intact multilayered mucosa
2. saliva

Answer 20

1. Action:mechanical barrier to microorganisms
   - Factors: lacerations, trauma extracted teeth
2. Action: washes away particles that have microorganisms
   - Factors: poor oral hygiene, dehydration

Question 21

Eye

1. tearing and blinking

Answer 21

Action: blinking prevents microorganism from entering, tearing washes away pathogenic particles.

• Factors: injury, exposure
• splash of blood or infectious material in eye

Question 22

Respiratory Tract

1. Cilia lining upper airy way, coated by mucus

Answer 22

action: traps inhales microbes and sweeps them outward of mucus to be swallowed
- Factors: smoking, High O2 & CO2, cold air

Question 23

Urinary tract

1. flushing action of urinary flow

Answer 23

• Action: washes away microorganism on lining of bladder

Factors: Urinary catheter placement, obstruction from growth of tumor, delayed micturition

Question 24

GI

1. acidity of gastric secretions

Answer 24

Action: prevents retention of bacterial contents
Factors: Administration of Antacids

Question 25

Vagina | 1. At puberty normal flora causing vaginal secretions to achieve pH

Answer 25

Action inhibit growth of many microorganisms | Factors: Antibiotics and oral contraceptives disrupting normal flora

Question 26

Exogenous infection

Answer 26

- microorganisms found outside the body such as salmonella, Clostridium tetani.

Question 27

Endogenous infection

Answer 27

- inside the body, flora becomes alter and overgrowth occurs

Question 28

Iatrogenic infection

Answer 28

- caused by invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure

Question 29

Vector Transmission

Answer 29

- external mechanical transfer(flies) - internal transmission such as - mosquito(malaria) - louse - flea - tick

Question 30

Vehicles Transmission

Answer 30

- contaminated items - water - drugs - blood - food

Question 31

E.coli

Answer 31

Reservoir: colon | infections/disease: gastroenteritis, UTI

Question 32

Staph aureus

Answer 32

Reservoir: Skin, hair,, nails, mouth | Infection/disease: wound infection, pneumonia, food poisoning and cellulitis

Question 33

staph( beta-hemolytic-group A)

Answer 33

Reservoir: oropharynx, skin, perianal area | I/D: strep throat, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo, wound infection

Question 34

Nesseria Ghonorrhea

Answer 34

Reservoir: GU, rectum, mouth | I/D: Ghonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, infectious arthritis and conjunctivitis

Question 35

Hep A

Answer 35

- feces | - Hep A

Question 36

Hep B

Answer 36

Reservoir: Blood & certain body fluids, sexual contact | I/D: Hep B

Question 37

Hep C

Answer 37

Reservoir: Blood & certain body fluids, sexual contact | I/D: Hep C

Question 38

Medical aspesis

Answer 38

- hand washing techniques and routine environmental cleaning

Question 39

Critical items | sterile tissue or vascular system

Answer 39

- iv catheters, cardiac catheters - surgical instruments - urinary cathters - implants

Question 40

Semi critical items | mucous membrane or nonintact skin

Answer 40

- Resp & Anesthesia Equipment - Endoscopes - endotracheal tubes - GI endoscope - diaphragm fitting rings

Question 41

Non critical items | come in contact with skin but not mucous membrane

Answer 41

- bedpans - BP cuffs - Bedrails - linens - Stethoscope - Bedside trays and patient furniture - Food utensils

Question 42

surgical asepsis

Answer 42

sterile technique prevents contamination of an open wound , serves to isolate an operative area from the unsterile environment and maintains sterile field for surgery.

Question 43

Principles of surgical asepsis

Answer 43

1. Sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object. 2. ONLY sterile objects may be placed on sterile field. 3. Sterile object or field out of ones sight or an object held below persons waist is contaminated. 4. Contamination by prolonged exposure to air 5. sterile surface coming in contact with wet, contaminated surface, it becomes contaminated by capillary action. 6. fluid flows in direction of gravity. 7. edges of sterile field are considered contaminated (2.5cm or 1in)