Ch 3 + 4

Question 1

evo-devo approach explains

Answer 1

underlying role of genes and gene regulation on behavioral development

Question 2

ontogeny

Answer 2

origination and development of an organism

Question 3

central dogma

Answer 3

DNA -> transcription -> mRNA -> translation -> proteins

Question 4

environmental variation causes behavioral differences in bees

Answer 4

different molecular building blocks for production of mRNA and proteins
ex. juvenile hormone
queens eat royal jelly with royalactin
larvae and adults eat honey/pollen containing ethyl oleate

Question 5

epigenetics

Answer 5

study of how behaviors and the environment cause changes affecting how genes are expressed

Question 6

epigenetic modifications

Answer 6

histone modifications and DNA methylation - alter whether nucleotides are “accessible” to code for proteins

Question 7

DNA methylation

Answer 7

methyl groups attach to DNA molecule, inhibiting transcription, silencing the gene

Question 8

example of genetic variation causing behavioral differences

Answer 8

intra-specific differences in bird migration are genetically determined, as are inter-specific differences in migration of closely related bird species

Question 9

learning requires ____ AND ______

Answer 9

genes; environment
ex. imprinting; graylag geese instinctually imprint on the first moving thing they see, but this thing is environmentally determined

Question 10

___% of DNA is non-coding

Answer 10

98

Question 11

non-coding NDA includes

Answer 11

introns, transposable elements, tRNA, rRNA, ncRNA, snoRNA, intergenic regions

Question 12

evo devo emerged from 2 opposing schools of thought

Answer 12

protein coding vs regulatory sequences controlled development

Question 13

vasopressin system in social behavior

Answer 13

key modulator of mammalian social and reproductive behavior - monogamy, parental care, and nest-building

Question 14

impacts of the foraging gene (for)

Answer 14

for gene expresses PKG protein in drosophila, involved in metabolic and behavioral effects
in honeybees, for gene expresses PKG but influences transition in behavior from nurses to foragers
* conserved genes can take on new functions in different species

Question 15

shared molecular pathways help us understand:

Answer 15

if there are shared genetic bases behind behavior in different

Question 16

developmental homeostasis hypothesis

Answer 16

ability of animals to develop normally despite deficient rearing environments

Question 17

Harlow and his fucked up monkeys demonstrated:

Answer 17

importance of maternal contact and social interaction during primate development

Question 18

developmental constraint hypothesis

Answer 18

low quality environments in development lead to reduced fitness later (role of epigenetics)
ex. baboons w/ harsh early live conditions -> lower fitness later on

Question 19

predictive adaptive response hypothesis

Answer 19

individuals adjust their phenotype during development to match their later-in-life conditions
through maternal effects and DNA methylation controlling gene expression
ex. mother gives birth in a high-stress environment - young may have a heightened stress response = adaptive

Question 20

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 20

ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes depending on the environment, allowing homeostasis in varying environments

Question 21

phenotypic plasticity during development

Answer 21

developmental/irreversible plasticity

Question 22

polyphenism

Answer 22

type of phenotypic plasticity
discrete phenotypes arise from a single genotype, based on environment/social cues

Question 23

examples of polyphenism

Answer 23

diet-induced developmental polyphenism in caterpillars
depending on whether they eat catkins or leaves, the develop a catkin morph or twig morph

tiger salamanders have 2 different phenotypes - immature and cannibal - to exploit different resource niches

Question 24

polymorphism

Answer 24

genetically fixed behavioral/trait differences throughout an organism’s life - unlike a polyphenism, it is genetically predetermined

ex. jaguars can be light morph or dark morph

Question 25

supergene

Answer 25

region of DNA containing many linked genes that influence a behavior phenotype

Question 26

inversions of supergenes

Answer 26

can explain behavioral polymorphisms within/between species along with non-recombining regions of genomes

Question 27

overall 3 sources of developmental variation in behavior

Answer 27

early life period polyphenism (developmental plasticity) polymorphism (non plastic)

Question 28

is an adaptation a "genetically determined" phenotype?

Answer 28

no - development of every phenotype requires more than genetic information

Question 29

vertebrate nervous system

Answer 29

central nervous system - brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system - ganglia and nerves

Question 30

innate behaviors

Answer 30

instinctive, automatic, fixed no learning curve all organisms exhibit, despite different environment

Question 31

learned behaviors

Answer 31

modified by experience, therefore variable can change with a variable environment

Question 32

example of complex response to simple stimuli

Answer 32

baby gulls will peck at their parents' bills w/ red dots causing them to regurgitate food different visual stimuli had different success triggering the behavior, with a red stick triggering the response most

Question 33

innate behaviors appear as

Answer 33

fully functional forms despite lack of previous experience

Question 34

process of innate behaviors development

Answer 34

cue: sign stimulus or releaser network: innate releasing mechanism, processing sensory messages into a motor response results in: fixed action pattern - preprogrammed movements making up an adaptive response

Question 35

code breaking

Answer 35

one species usurps another's neurological system ex. brood parasites may evolve to mimic the mouth markings of finches that trigger parents to feed them ( which evolved to avoid this phenomenon)

Question 36

how do moths avoid bats?

Answer 36

evolved with A1 and A2 auditory receptor cells in both ears cell activity allows the moth to determine where the sound of a bat is coming from (below, above, behind)

Question 37

stimulus filtering

Answer 37

allows animals to tune out irrelevant stimuli and avoid distraction that could cause death

Question 38

command centers in nervous systems allow

Answer 38

avoiding conflicts between competing stimuli - they can make unified decisions activate particular responses from most biologically relevant elements, but inhibit responses from other CCs

Question 39

what are the things on the star-nosed mole's nose called

Answer 39

Eimer's organs, and he has like 20000 of them!

Question 40

cortical magnification

Answer 40

involved in stimulus filtering - magnifies signals from certain sensory organs in the brain, often those with more nerve endings certain info gets more processing power

Question 41

innate behaviors rely on _____ instead of learning

Answer 41

neural network with innate releasing mechanism (sign stimulus -> fixed action pattern)

Question 42

neurons

Answer 42

detect sensory information from the environment and relay those messages via nervous system

Question 43

painted stick with red dot triggering pecking response is an illustration of

Answer 43

a simple stimulus capable of triggering a complex behavior