Rad Pro 1 > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the SID for the abdomen and chest?

A
  • 40 Abdomen
  • 72 Chest
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2
Q

What does ascites mean?

A
  • fluid in the peritoneal cavity
  • a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen
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3
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity consists of what 2 parts?

A
  • a large superior portion, the abdominal cavity
  • smaller inferior part, the pelvic cavity
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4
Q

the abdominal cavity extends from the ______ to the superior _________

A
  • diaphragm
  • superior aspects of the bony pelvis
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5
Q

what organs are contained within the abdominal cavity?

A

stomach
small & large intestine
liver
gallbladder
spleen
pancreas
kidneys

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6
Q

what is contained within the pelvic cavity?

A
  • rectum and sigmoid of the large intestine
  • urinary bladder
  • reproductive organs
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7
Q

where does the pelvic cavity lie?

A

within the margins of the bony pelvis

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8
Q

the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed in a double walled seromembranous sac called the:

A

peritoneum

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9
Q

what is the outer portion of the peritoneum sac is termed:

and the inner portion is termed:

A
  • parietal peritoneum
  • visceral peritoneum
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10
Q

the peritoneum forms folds called the _____ and ____; which serve to support the viscera in position.

A
  • Mesentery
  • Omenta
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11
Q

The space between the two layers of the peritoneum is called the _____

A

peritoneal cavity

  • a collection of fluid here is ascites
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12
Q

The _______ is the cavity behind the peritoneum.

A

Retroperitoneum

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13
Q

What organs lie in the retroperitoneum?

A

Kidneys and pancreas

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14
Q

In examinations without a contrast medium, it is imperative to obtain _____

A

maximal soft tissue differentiation throughout the different regions of the abdomen

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15
Q

What are the four best criteria for assessing the quality of an abdominal radiographic image?

A

1) Sharply defined outlines of the psoas muscles

2) Lower border of the liver

3) Kidneys

4) Ribs and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

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16
Q

What is the most commonly performed abdomen x ray?

A

Supine, AP

Also known as a KUB
( Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder )

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17
Q

What projections may be used to compliment the supine AP abdomen?

A

An upright AP abdomen; or an AP or PA projection in the lateral decubitus position or both

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18
Q

What is a pnuemoperitoneum?

A

free air

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19
Q

What projections are useful in assessing the abdomen in patients with free air?

A

AP Upright and AP/PA lateral decubitus

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20
Q

PA chest image would include______

A

the upper abdomen and diaphragm

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21
Q

Why might an upright PA chest be indicated? N/A

A

to view air escaping from the GI tract into the peritoneal space rises to the highest level, usually just beneath the diaphragm

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22
Q

Where will free air in the abdomen be seen? N/A

A

RUQ; Highest Level ??

  • may accumulate under the diaphragm ?
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23
Q

What two abdomen projections may be asked for by the physician?

A

supine and upright AP abdomen

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24
Q

If large amounts of free air are present, it maybe suggested that the patient _____

A

lie on the side for a minimum of 5 mins

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25
If a patient is unable to stand for an AP upright abdomen projection, what should be done instead?
lateral recumbent position lying on a radiolucent pad; - Left Lateral Decubitus position in most situations
26
What position is referred for most initial examinations of the abdomen?
supine
27
for both supine and upright, what plane should be centered to the midline of the grid?
Mid Sagittal
28
If a patient is in ______, you should place a support under their knees to prevent strain.
supine
29
where do you center the IR for supine abdomen?
level of iliac crest
30
what should you ensure is included on a supine abdomen?
the pubic symphysis
31
What breathing instructions are given for abdominal x-rays (upright and supine) Why?
Respiration; suspend at the end of EXPIRATION so that the abdominal organs are not compressed
32
Respiration for a chest?
Full Inspiration The exposure is made after the second full INSPIRATION to ensure the maximum expansion of the lungs.
33
Where is the central ray directed for a supine abdomen?
Perpendicular to the IR, at the level of iliac crest
34
What radiation field size is used for an AP supine abdomen?
14 x 17 inches LW
35
How should the patient be positioned for an AP upright abdomen?
- Back against the IR - distribute right of the body equally on the feet - place patients arms so they do not cast a shadow on the image
36
Where do you center the IR for an AP upright abdomen?
2 inches above the the level of the iliac crest, or high enough to include the diaphragm
37
Where is the central ray directed for an AP upright abdomen?
horizontal, and 2 inches above level of the iliac crest to include the diaphragm
38
what three things are the same for an upright abdomen and a supine abdomen?
respiration, collimate, field size
39
What structures are shown on an AP projection of the abdomen? (3) N/A
- Size and shape of the liver - Spleen - Kidneys & intra-abdominal calcifications or evidence of tumor masses
40
What are two evaluation criteria for an AP abdomen projection? N/A
- Evidence of proper collimation and presence of side marker and upright marker; placed clear of the anatomy - area of the pubic symphysis to the upper abdomen
41
When would you you perform a lateral decubitus abdomen?
patient is too ill to stand, left lateral in most situations
42
When doing a lateral decubitus and free intraperitoneal air is suspended what should be done to allow air to rise to its highest level within the abdomen?
have patient lie on the side for 5 mins before exposure
43
why is the left lateral decubitus position for an AP projection the most valuable?
showing free air and air-fluid levels when an AP upright abdomen can not be obtained
44
latent image:
invisible image, not yet processed
45
For tall patients should you obtain a second image for the bladder; for an AP abdomen?
Yes!
46
An abdominal X-ray can help diagnose conditions such as:
tumors, ascites, or calcification of the aorta
47
Hypersthenic Chest you turn the IR…..
Crosswise
48
What are the four major types of body habits? & What are their approximate frequency in the population?
• Sthenic 50% • Hyposthenic 35% • Asthenic 10% • HyperSthenic 5%
49
A 3-way abdomen series may be requested to rule out what?
Free air, Bowl obstruction, and Infection
50
An AP upright and decubitus have a _______ beam
Horizonal
51
Abdominal image will show what?
Psoas muscles, lower border of the liver, and kidneys Transverse processes of the lumbar spine
52
How do you position the IR for an AP abdomen and a left lateral decubitus abdomen?
2 inches above the level of the iliac crest
53
Where is the central ray angulation for the abdomen?
0 degrees/ perpendicular
54
What are the primary considerations when producing an optimal image of the abdomen?
- Explain breathing procedures - Wait 1-2 seconds after suspension of respiration before exposure
55
How many primary bones is the adult human body composed of?
206
56
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
57
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
58
An example of a flat bone is;
Scapula
59
A patient is recumbent facing the IR, and the left side of the body is turned 45 degrees away from the IR. What position is this:
Right anterior oblique
60
Fowler's position is:
Supine with the head higher than the feet
61
Trendelenburg position is:
Supine with the head lower than the feet
62
The direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam
Projection
63
thoracic cavity contains:
- lungs and heart - organs of respiratory - cardiovascular and lymphatic systems; inferior portion of the esophagus and thymus gland
64
Hypersthenic Chest the IR is positioned:
Crosswise
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