Ch 40.1 Fluids

Question 1

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 1

Fluids within cells

60% of total body fluids

Question 2

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 2

Fluid outside of cells

Question 3

Interstitial

Answer 3

fluid between cells in the tissue

Question 4

Intravascular

Answer 4

blood and plasma

Question 5

Transcellular

Answer 5

fluid separated by epithelium

Question 6

Electrolyte

Answer 6

An element or compound or that, when dissolved or dissociated in water or solvent, separates into ions

Question 7

Cations

Answer 7

positively charged ion

SODIUM (NA+)
POTASSIUM (K+)
CALCIUM (CA2+)
MAGNESIUM (MG2+)

Question 8

Anions

Answer 8

negatively charged ion

CHLORIDE (CL–)
BICARBONATE (HCO3–)
PHOSPHATE (PO43–)

Question 9

Osmosis

Answer 9

Movement of water from an area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater concentration

Question 10

Osmotic pressure

Answer 10

Pressure needed to counter the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high concentration
A solution with a high solute concentration: high osmotic pressure; draws water into itself

Question 11

osmolality of a fluid

Answer 11

is the number of dissolved particles in 1 kg of water

Question 12

osmotic laxatives.

Answer 12

These laxative salts are poorly absorbed through the intestinal lining and thus draw water into the intestinal lumen, causing an accumulation of water and softened stool. The swelling also stretches the intestine, stimulating peristalsis,

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

Movement of a solute through a semipermeable membrane from areas of higher to lower concentration; may be assisted by a channel or carrier

Question 14

Active transport

Answer 14

Movement of ions across a concentration gradient, by means of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 15

Filtration

Answer 15

• Movement across a membrane, under pressure, from areas of higher to lower pressure
• passive process where water moves in and out of capillaries

Question 16

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 16

• Force exerted by fluids within a compartment
• “fluid pressure”
• higher at arterial (35mm Hg) than venous (15mm Hg)

Question 17

Edema

Answer 17

an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Can be caused with increase of venous pressure. preventing the normal movement of water from the interstitial space into the intravascular space

Question 18

Obligatory water loss

Answer 18

the minimum amount of fluid loss that can occur of approximately 500 mL is essential, regardless of intake. It is the amount of fluid necessary to maintain balance. This is why a person with no fluid intake will die of dehydration within a matter of days.

Question 19

Sensible water loss

Answer 19

• refer to typical routes of excretion such as urination and defecatio
• includes water loss through typical routes of excretion such as urine and feces
-kidneys

Question 20

Insensible water loss

Answer 20

is difficult to measure. Increases in response to changes in respiratory rate and depth. Water loss from the skin is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, which activates sweat glands. Fever may increase insensible water loss.
GI tract is also vital in fluid regulation. . Every day, approximately 9 L of fluid is ingested or secreted into the small intestine, but only 100 mL is lost through the feces, under normal conditions.
Diarrhea can cause GI tract to become the site of a large amount of fluid loss which may impact maintaining normal fluid homeostasis.

-skin/lungs

Question 21

Osmoreceptors

Answer 21

monitor serum blood osmotic pressure and are very sensitive to changes.

Question 22

Aldosterone

Answer 22

• released by adrenal cortex
• with an increase in potassium, a decrease in sodium or to counteract hypovolemia as part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system or RAAS
• Increases reabsorption of sodium, chloride and water. (Na, Cl, H2O)
• Aldosterone also secretion and excretion of potassium and hydrogen (K, H)

Question 23

Natriuretic peptides

Answer 23

• ⬇blood volume.
• released from cardiac muscle when there is an increase in circulating blood volume.
• facilitate diureses by increasing sodium excretion and fluid loss.
• reduce thirst and block ADH and aldosterone release to reduce blood volume.