ch 41: digestive system

Question 1

digestive system connection with sensory systems

Answer 1

helps us smell food and decide what to eat

Question 2

digestive system connection with skeletal system

Answer 2

teeth for breaking down our food

Question 3

digestive system connection with muscular system

Answer 3

muscles in head to help us chew

Question 4

digestive system connection with excretory system

Answer 4

removal of wastes

Question 5

animals are ______

Answer 5

heterotrophic meaning they need to ingest organic molecules to survive

Question 6

what are the organic molecules necessary for?

Answer 6

building tissues and growth because they require energy

Question 7

types of feeding

Answer 7

predatation
herbivory
suspension feeding
symbiosis

Question 8

herbivory

Answer 8

consumes plants

Question 9

predatation

Answer 9

consumes other animals

Question 10

suspension feeding

Answer 10

consumes algal cells, larvae, dead organic matter or any particles suspended in water

Question 11

symbiosis

Answer 11

food is obtained through microbial symbionts that go through metabolism

Question 12

fluid feeder

Answer 12

liquids with organic molecules

Question 13

suspension feeder mechanism

Answer 13

filaments in animal pick up particles as water passes through
- requires no movement from animals, just from water

Question 14

what do smaller organisms pick up through suspension feeding?

Answer 14

microbes

Question 15

what do larger organisms pick up through suspension feeding?

Answer 15

smaller animals

Question 16

deposit feeders

Answer 16

use appendages to pick up or scrape compounds off a substrate (sand, dirt, etc)

Question 17

bulk feeders

Answer 17

eat whole animal or large chunks of an animal

Question 18

what type of animals bulk feed?

Answer 18

large predators

Question 19

what types of animals deposit feed?

Answer 19

smaller animals like crabs and earthwormd

Question 20

how are molecules formed in an animals body?

Answer 20

from molecules in food because food contains building blocks the animal needs

Question 21

what are some building blocks obtained from food?

Answer 21

amino acids - can build proteins or broken down for energy
fatty acids - build membranes or broken down for energy
nucleic acids - can be broken down to make our own nucleic acids or as energy source
calcium - skeletal and nervous system

Question 22

what molecules can animals not get from food or make itself?

Answer 22

essential nutrients

Question 23

where do animals get essential nutrients from?

Answer 23

plants

Question 24

example of essential nutrient?

Answer 24

vitamins
- Vitamin A is important for photoreceptors to see color

Question 25

elements required by animals

Answer 25

calcium phosphorus potassium sodium

Question 26

calcium

Answer 26

bone formation, nervous and muscular system - causes exocytosis of NT for neuronal signaling

Question 27

phosphorus

Answer 27

nucleic acid formation, ATP, and bone formation

Question 28

potassium

Answer 28

nervous and muscular system function

Question 29

sodium

Answer 29

nervous and muscular system function water balance

Question 30

how is energy obtained?

Answer 30

as chemical bonds

Question 31

how is energy used?

Answer 31

chemical bonds are broken and heat is released

Question 32

why is heat released?

Answer 32

it cannot be used by organisms

Question 33

BMR

Answer 33

how much chemical bond energy will be consumed each day by an organism to maintain baseline level

Question 34

if organism consumes more calories than baseline, what happens?

Answer 34

the nutrients need to be stored as fats for long term storage or glycogen as short term storage

Question 35

humans BMR

Answer 35

average is 2000 kilocalories but depends on many factors

Question 36

macromolecules

Answer 36

used to generate energy by breaking carbon bonds

Question 37

what are the types of macromolecules?

Answer 37

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Question 38

which macromolecule holds the most amount of energy?

Answer 38

typically lipids because they contain the most carbons

Question 39

what is used to measure metabolic rates?

Answer 39

rate of oxygen because heat is hard to measure

Question 40

ratio for oxygen used to heat produced

Answer 40

1:1

Question 41

how does metabolic rates change with physical activity?

Answer 41

increases because more O2 consumption is needed

Question 42

humans: rate of O2 consumption and running speed

Answer 42

linear graph - as speed increases, rate of O2 consumption increases because more energy is required

Question 43

fishes: rate of O2 consumption and running speed

Answer 43

exponential graph - reach faster speeds - not 1:1 ration - J-shaped curve as speeds increases, water resistance occurs --> higher metabolic rate works harder compared to human

Question 44

birds: rate of O2 consumption and running speed

Answer 44

U shaped curve - at takeoff: large amount of energy - once in air: metabolic demand drops - speed increases: more energy required due to wind resistance *at higher speeds, more energy is required

Question 45

mouse-to-elephant curve

Answer 45

smaller animals need more food per gram of body weight *exponential

Question 46

why do smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate?

Answer 46

greater SA-volume ratio causes easier to lose heat (energy) - needs more food due to high metabolic rate per unit mass

Question 47

ecological implications

Answer 47

food supply for coexisting species can cause competition for resources and could lead to extinction

Question 48

division of labor

Answer 48

cells are specialized for a particular function - hierarchy

Question 49

tissue

Answer 49

assemblage of cells that are a similar type

Question 50

organ

Answer 50

2 or more types of tissues with a defined structural relationship to each other

Question 51

multi-organ system

Answer 51

when multiple organs work together

Question 52

epithelium

Answer 52

sheet of cells that covers a surface or organ or lines body cavity

Question 53

what does epithelial cells allow?

Answer 53

compartmentalization

Question 54

simple epithelial

Answer 54

one-cell thick for movement of solutes/components through

Question 55

what does the small intestine consist of?

Answer 55

villi and microvilli which increases surface area and allows for more absorption and releasing of digestive enzymes

Question 56

how do nutrients enter bloodstream?

Answer 56

the microvilli allow nutrients to diffuse through intestine into capillaries

Question 57

parts of small intestine

Answer 57

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

Question 58

duodenum

Answer 58

first part of SI that digests

Question 59

jejunum

Answer 59

middle part of SI that absorbs nutrients

Question 60

ileum

Answer 60

last part that connects to LI and absorbs and regulates water

Question 61

peristalsis

Answer 61

movement of tract to propel food products through

Question 62

brush border of SI

Answer 62

border between intestine and circulatory system that allows for the diffusion of nutrients

Question 63

what molecules can and cannot pass through the brush border?

Answer 63

amino acids and monosaccharides can lipids cannot

Question 64

why can lipids not diffuse through brush border?

Answer 64

too big in size, instead they enter the lacteal and eventually into the bloodstream through lymphatic vessel

Question 65

intestine size of carnivores

Answer 65

smaller due to less plant material consumer

Question 66

intestine size of herbivore

Answer 66

long intestines for storing large amounts of plant material - larger cecum

Question 67

cecum

Answer 67

increases SA to allow more gut bacteria to break down plant material

Question 68

cows digestive system

Answer 68

has rumen that contains bacteria that breaks down plant material - does not have a large cecum

Question 69

zebras digestive system

Answer 69

has stomach and no rumen - but has enlarged cecum that contains gut bacteria which allows for breakdown of plant material