Psych 367: Perception > Ch. 5: Object Perception > Flashcards

Ch. 5: Object Perception Flashcards

(63 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is the estimated amount of “readily discriminable objects” known by the average adult?

A

30,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four pieces of information needed to identify a distal stimulus?

A
  1. Light sources
  2. Reflectance of surfaces (proportion of light reflected)
  3. Surface Orientation
  4. viewing position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is shape constancy?

A

The concept that an object remains the same despite changes to its retinal image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three aspects of environment that we must overcome to detect objects?

A

Image clutter: discern the target object despite possible overlapping of nearby objects
Object variety: we must recognize a particular object as a member of a particular class of category
Variable views: its placed in very different orientations relative to ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is image clutter?

A

To overcome image clutter, discern the target object despite possible overlapping of nearby objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the viewing position problem?

A

How do go from the proximal stimulus to identifying the distal stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is proximal stimulus?

A

the pattern of energy that directly stimulates the sensory receptors of an organism, such as the light that hits the retina or the sound waves that strike the eardrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is distal stimulus?

A

the actual object in the external environment that generates the energy. For example, a lit lamp is a distal stimulus, while the light reflecting from the lamp into your eyes is the proximal stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is “Edge” ?

A

border between light and dark areas in an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

means that physical stimuli influence how we perceive them. This is relatively straightforward: Our eyes detect reflected long-wavelength light when we examine the object therefore, we see it as the color red.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

means that our existing knowledge of objects influences how we perceive them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the definition of recognition?

A

refers to the ability to match a currently viewed item with an item in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the definition of representation?

A

Refers to the processes that translate stimulus information into a perceptual experience of that stimulus. Thus, an object appears in the visual field. Neural processes detect it and send an image to V1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is perceptual organization?

A

The process by which multiple objects in the environment are grouped, allowing us to identify those objects in complex scenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is grouping?

A

The process by which elements in a figure are brought together into a common unit or object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is segregation?

A

The process of distinguishing two objects as being distinct or discrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are illusory contours?

A

Contours not present on retina, but still affect contour perception (Three pacman create a triangle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is figure-ground organization?

A

Refers to the experience viewers have as to which part of an image is in the foreground and which part is in the background of a particular scene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Generally “figures” tend to have what traits:

A

-appear to be in the front
-are smaller
-have well-defined borders
-are meaningful
-differ from background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example where figure-ground identification is ambiguous?

A

Two faces or a vase illusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or False: The figure that appears to be in the foreground is the one with outward bulging (convex) borders, the the one with the inward-facing (concave) borders

A

True, a figure is more likely to perceived as being in the foreground if it is perceived to be on the convex side of a border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is perceptual grouping?

A

Using existing knowledge to place similar items together or to group images in different parts of the visual field into a perception of the same object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the “law” of proximity?

A

things near to each other tend to be grouped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the law of similarity

A

Similar things tend to be grouped together, similarity can refer to any number of features, color, orientation, size or motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What is edge completion?
A space enclosed by a contour (real or illusory) tends to appear as a figure
25
What is the law of good continuation?
Figures that have edges that are smooth are more likely to be seen as continuous. Lines tend to follow the
26
What is the law of common fate?
Things that are moving in the same direction tend to be grouped together
27
True or False: Things that are meaningful or familiar tend to form groups
True (gestalt)
28
What approach does gestalt take?
Holisitic
29
How are recognition and identification different?
Recognition: perceiving something as previously experienced (Have you seen this before, yes or no) Identification: Naming or classifying an object
30
What are template theories?
compare input to a model or template stored in memory, stimulus categorized by an EXACT match -successfully used in machines -intolerant to variations
31
What is the four stages of Parallel distributed processing model?
Stage 1: "Image demon" gets sensory input Stage 2: "Feature demon" analyze input in terms of features Stage 3: "Cognitive demon" determine which groups of features are present Stage 4: "Decision demon" identifies pattern by listening for Cognitive demon shouting the loudest
32
What are the pros and cons of Parallel distbuted processing model?
Pros: relates to cells in the visual system and can identify wide range of stimuli Cons: doesnt define features, context, real-life 3-D objects (What are the set features of a tree)
33
What is the computational approach?
Applies precise mathematical formulas
34
What is a primal sketch?
A computational approach. The image is analyzed to determine "primitives" :contours, object edges
35
True or False: Fuzzy edges = new objects
False: We identify fuzzy edges as a property of shading within an object
36
What is a 2 1/2 sketch?
primitives are grouped and processed using depth information (structured with reference to the observer point of view)
37
What is 3D model representation?
3D component parts and their relations are determined, and matched to stored knowledge to identify object (Only this last stage is available to consciousness)
38
What is the Recognition (identification) by Components theory?
Object recognition occurs by representing each object as a combination of basic units (geons) that make up that object
39
What are geons?
36 basic volumetric shapes that can modified and remain identifiable. Represent the basic units of objects and consist of simple shapes (Apart of the recognition by components theory)
40
What is viewpoint invariance?
Objects are seen as the same regardless of the vantage point relative to a viewer
41
What is the Principle of Componential Recovery?
If an object's geons can be determined, then the object can be identified even if the object is partially obscured
42
What is the main cons of Recognition by Components theory?
Cannot handle context, may be too broad, not all 3D shapes can be broken down easily (whats a geon of a puddle)
43
What is shape constancy?
perceived shape of an object remains constant despite variations in orientation
44
What is the OBJECTIVE view?
What is the real shape of the object?
45
What is the PROJECTIVE view?
What is the shape of the image on the retina
46
True or false: conceptual knowledge of world influences perception
True: Found in experiment where people could identify a fire hydrant quicker if it was on the street then on your counter in the kitchen
47
What is perceptual priming?
Perceiving and identifying an object is affected by previous experience with that object (or similar one)
48
What is a perceptual set?
predisposition to interpret a stimulus in a particular way, based on past experience or knowledge
49
What are schemas?
Mental structures that help us organize the world into a coherent, meaningful whole (they are learned, thus affected by context, culture and experience)
50
What is pareidolia?
Illusion or misperception involving a vague or obscure stimulus being perceived as something clear and distinct (Jesus in bread from glee)
51
What is specificity coding?
One specific neuron is activated by a particular stimulus (Grandmother cell)
52
What is the Grandmother cell an example of?
Specificity coding, the neuron only fires when you see your grandmother, regardless viewing point of view
53
What is sparse coding?
A small number of neurons is used to encode a stimulus
54
What is population coding?
Stimulus encoded by pattern of activity across a large number of neurons
55
What is temporal coding?
Timing of neural impulses encodes a stimulus (ex: neurons increase firing rate from 10 to 50 impulses per second)
56
What is temporal synchronicity coding?
firing of neurons is synchronized over time:
57
What is telepathy?
Direct mind-to-mind communication
58
What is clairvoyance?
Perception of distant events, beyond the range of vision
59
What is precognition?
Perception of future events (not just guessing)
60
What is telekinesis/psychokinesis?
acting upon objects directly with your mind
61
What is parapsychology?
The scientific study of phenomena produced by living beings that cannot be explained by known scientific laws and forces
62
Did anyone find any good evidence for parapsychology?
No
Psych 367: Perception
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions