CH 6

Question 1

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision-making process?
a. Being socialized into the firm’s corporate culture
b. Applying a personal moral philosophy in order to individualize the ethical decision-making process
c. Recognizing that an ethical issue exists
d. Soliciting the opinions of others in a work group or in the overall business in order to gain feedback
e. Enforcing the firm’s ethical standards with rewards and punishment

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When confronted with an ethical issue, workplace, family, religion, legal system, community, and profession are known as an individual’s six _______.
a. individual factors
b. spheres of influence
c. external controls
d. internal controls
e. ethical cultures

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The relevance or importance of an ethical event or decision in the eyes of the individual, work group, and/or organization is referred to as _______.
a. organizational culture
b. immediate job context
c. ethical issue intensity
d. leadership
e. Locus of control

Answer 3

C

Question 4

. Studies have found that more than a third of the unethical situations that lower- and middle-level managers face come from which of the following?
a. Stakeholder expectations and pressures
b. Pressures to satisfy customers
c. Pressures from the government to perform at a high level
d. Internal pressures and ambiguity surrounding internal organizational rules
e. Struggles to obey relevant laws

Answer 4

D

Question 5

According to the ethical decision-making framework for unethical behavior, the absence of punishment provides which of the following?
a. Reason
b. Immediate job context
c. Individual factor
d. Opportunity
e. Ethical issue intensity

Answer 5

D

Question 6

Which of the following has been found to decrease unethical practices and increase positive work behavior?
a. A high level of educational attainment
b. A high level of community involvement
c. Charismatic leadership
d. A strong religious belief system
e. The existence of good personal values or morals

Answer 6

E

Question 7

Which of the following describes the situation when subordinates simply follow the directives of a superior without question, demonstrating the influence that workplace significant others can exert?
a. Obedience to authority
b. Locus of control
c. Opportunity
d. Transactional leadership
e. Immediate job context

Answer 7

A

Question 8

Multiple elements work on individuals to affect their behavior. While an individual may intend to do the right thing, which of the following can alter this intent?
a. Cognitive dissonance
b. Familial expectations
c. Religious beliefs
d. A desire for financial gain
e. Organizational or social forces

Answer 8

E

Question 9

Normative approaches focus on which of the following?
a. How organizational decision makers should approach an issue
b. Methods for adopting values and norms within an organization
c. Models that describe an individual’s moral philosophies
d. Ways to determine the moral intensity of an ethical issue
e. Positive outcomes, including firm probability and benefits to society

Answer 9

a

Question 10

10. Which of the following can be defined as a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including ways of solving problems shared by members of an organization?
    a. Corporate culture
    b. Intentions of a corporation
    c. Ethical issue awareness
    d. Determination of a corporation
    e. Individual factors

Answer 10

a

Question 11

11. What an individual expects to receive from others in the social environment in terms of overt social approval, status, and esteem is referred to as _______.
    a. opportunity
    b. immediate job context
    c. external rewards
    d. normative approaches
    e. internal control

Answer 11

c

Question 12

12. Codes, rules, and compliance are essential in organizations. However, an organization is more likely to develop a high integrity corporate culture when it is built on which of the following?
    a. A charismatic leader
    b. The preferences of the CEO
    c. The grapevine
    d. Formal relationships
    e. Informal relationships

Answer 12

e

Question 13

13. Following the ethical directives of a superior relates to which of the following concepts?
    a. Internal locus of control
    b. Obedience to authority
    c. Moral intensity
    d. Gender
    e. Ethical issue intensity

Answer 13

b

Question 14

14. Those who have influence in a work group and provide advice and information in both formal and informal ways are related to which of the following concepts?
    a. External control
    b. Internal control
    c. Significant others
    d. Institutional theory
    e. Instrumental concern

Answer 14

c

Question 15

15. Studies have shown that within an organization, which of the following will have more impact on a worker’s decisions on a daily basis than any other factor?
    a. Significant others
    b. Religion
    c. Education
    d. Chief executive officers
    e. Ethical issues

Answer 15

a

Question 16

16. External and internal rewards relate to which part of the ethical decision-making framework?
    a. Individual factors
    b. Significant others
    c. Cognitive moral development
    d. Obedience to authority
    e. Opportunity

Answer 16

e

Question 17

17. Philosopher John Rawls believed which of the following to be true?
    a. Political institutions significantly influence the development of values.
    b. Ethical decision-making models should only use normative approaches.
    c. Competition should be completely free of government intervention.
    d. Justice principles are beliefs that everyone can accept.
    e. Opportunity factors have the greatest influence over business ethical decision making.

Answer 17

d

Question 18

18. Which of the following is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred?
    a. Guilt
    b. Reward
    c. Punishment
    d. Cognitive dissonance
    e. Happiness

Answer 18

a

Question 19

19. People who go with the flow because they feel the events in their lives are uncontrollable believe in _______.
    a. ethical decision making
    b. internal locus of control
    c. an ethical culture
    d. external locus of control
    e. significant others

Answer 19

d

Question 20

20. Which of the following is an individual factor that affects business ethics?
    a. Nationality
    b. Corporate culture
    c. Obedience to authority
    d. Significant others
    e. Opportunity

Answer 20

a

Question 21

21. Which of the following involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members?
    a. Oversight
    b. Significant others
    c. Corporate culture
    d. Ethical culture
    e. The legal climate

Answer 21

c

Question 22

22. Which of the following does an ethical corporate culture need in order to monitor the complex ethical decisions being made by employees?
    a. Individual ethics and ethical issue intensity
    b. Ethical issue intensity and ethics training
    c. Organizational factors and individual factors
    d. Employee evaluations and good intentions
    e. Shared values and proper oversight

Answer 22

e

Question 23

23. Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others. Which of the following are examples of this concept?
    a. Peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates
    b. Family members, peers, and coworkers
    c. Spouses and friends
    d. Employees in similar job situations
    e. Employees who hold the same job

Answer 23

a

Question 24

24. Which of the following is true of research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions?

a. Research shows no relationship between the two.
b. Research shows it is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences.
c. Research suggests that organizations should be very concerned about an employee’s nationality.
d. Research suggests that corporations pay a lot of attention to such research.
e. Research suggests that the influence of nationality on corporate culture is growing.

Answer 24

b

Question 25

25. Which of the following is true concerning the relationship between business ethics and age? a. It shows a negative correlation. b. It is simple, and greater experience leads to better ethical decision making. c. It is complex, although experience helps older employees make ethical decisions. d. It suggests that employees with less experience have a greater ability to deal with complex industry-specific ethical issues.

Answer 25

c

Question 26

26. Employees who believe they control the events in their lives by their own effort and skill are referred to as having a(n) _______. a. external locus of control b. moral intensity c. obedience to authority d. opportunity e. internal locus of control

Answer 26

e

Question 27

27. For people who begin the value shift that leads to unethical decisions, which of the following are usual justifications to reduce and eliminate guilt? (Select four) a. I need a paycheck and can't afford to quit right now. b. Those around me are doing it so why shouldn't I? c. If I don't do this, I might not be able to get a good reference from my boss when I leave. d. If I don't do this, I might never be promoted. e. This is in keeping with my personal morals and the code of conduct, so it is okay.

Answer 27

a, b, c, d

Question 28

28. Which of the following refers to the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension? a. Ethical issue intensity b. Locus of control c. Ethical awareness d. Moral intensity e. Opportunity

Answer 28

c

Question 29

29. Which of the following relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others? a. Ethical awareness b. Moral intensity c. Individual factors d. Ethical issue intensity e. Social awareness

Answer 29

b

Question 30

30. The ethical decision-making process in business includes which of the following? (Select four) a. Individual factors b. Opportunity c. Ethical issue intensity d. Society's view of the decision e. Organizational factors

Answer 30

a, b, c, e

Question 31

31. Which type of culture reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors, including corporate policies, top management's leadership on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical behavior? a. Corporate b. External c. Ethical d. Positive e. Compromising

Answer 31

c

Question 32

32. Which of the following are true with regards to organizational factors? (Select four) a. Employees approach ethical issues on the basis of what they learned from others in the organization. b. An alignment between a person's own values and the values of the organization help create positive organizational outcomes. c. Congruence in personal and organizational values is related to commitment, satisfaction, motivation, ethics, work stress, and anxiety. d. Ethical choices in organizations are most often made individually. e. Just as a family guides an individual, specific industries give behavioral cues to firms.

Answer 32

a, b, c, e

Question 33

33. The motivational "carrots and sticks" superiors use to influence employee behavior are part of the concept of _______. a. obedience to authority b. immediate job context c. locus of control d. normative approach e. descriptive approach

Answer 33

b

Question 34

34. Which of the following is/are important in establishing a foundation for normative values? a. Corporate conduct b. Descriptive approaches c. Codes of ethics d. Institutions e. Opportunity

Answer 34

d

Question 35

36. Which of the following are central to an organization and provide directions for action? a. Core values b. Normative approaches c. Ethical issues d. Opportunities e. Institutions

Answer 35

a

Question 36

37. In the form of industry standards, normative business ethics takes into account which of the following types of reality outside the legal realm? a. Descriptive b. Political c. Social d. Economic e. Normative

Answer 36

b

Question 37

38. Which type of institutions include religion, education, and individuals such as the family unit? a. Social b. Conservative c. Economic d. Liberal e. Political

Answer 37

a

Question 38

39. Which of the following are true regarding institutions? (Select four) a. Stakeholders closely align with institutions. b. The regulatory system aligns with political institutions. c. There is no clear link between institutional theory and the stakeholder orientation of management. d. Competition relates to economic institutions. e. Personal values and norms derive from social institutions.

Answer 38

a, b, d, e

Question 39

40. A higher probability that firms cut corners because margins are low is generally created by which of the following? a. Profit b. Return c. Cooperation d. Competition e. Loss

Answer 39

d

Question 40

41. The thought experiment used by John Rawls that examined how individuals would formulate principles if they did not know what their future position in society would be is known as which of the following? a. Equality principle b. Utilitarian veil c. Liberty principle d. Universal principle e. Veil of ignorance

Answer 40

e

Question 41

42. Which of the following states that economic and social equalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society? a. Equality principle b. Difference principle c. Constitutional principle d. Liberty principle e. Justice principle

Answer 41

b

Question 42

43. Values have which of the following characteristics? (Select four) a. Provides guidance to organizations b. Subjective and related to choice c. Widely accepted d. Used to develop norms e. Differs across cultures and firms

Answer 42

a, b, d, e

Question 43

44. Familiarizing employees with company values and training them to recognize common ethical scenarios helps them generate _______. a. ethical awareness b. moral intensity c. ethical issue intensity d. individual values e. principles

Answer 43

a

Question 44

45. Organizations are found to make a greater contribution than those based simply on compliance, or obeying laws and regulations when they have ethics programs based on which of the following orientations? a. Customer b. Political c. Principles d. Values e. Social

Answer 44

d

Question 45

46. Which of the following is the last step in the ethical decision-making process? a. Individuals' intentions and their decision regarding what action they will take b. Evaluation of whether the decision is an ethical issue c. Analysis of individual, organizational, and opportunity factors d. The application of moral philosophies to the decision e. How others in the organization view the decision

Answer 45

a

Question 46

47. Which of the following reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors? a. Ethical awareness b. Ethical culture c. Organizational environment d. Moral intensity e. Corporate culture

Answer 46

b

Question 47

52. In the workplace, an organization's values often have a greater influence on a decision than the person's own values. a. True b. False

Answer 47

True

Question 48

53. A study has found that those with an external locus of control were positively correlated with ethical decision making, whereas those with an internal locus of control were negatively correlated. a. True b. False

Answer 48

False

Question 49

54. The ethical decision-making model presented in the text will be able to determine explicitly whether a decision is ethical or unethical. a. True b. False

Answer 49

False

Question 50

55. The terms moral intensity and ethical issue intensity can be used interchangeably. a. True b. False

Answer 50

False

Question 51

56. A firm's core values provide a blueprint into the firm's purpose as well as how it views ethical decision making and prioritizes stakeholders. a. True b. False

Answer 51

True

Question 52

57. Which of the following statements about opportunity is true? a. Opportunity results from motivational “carrots and sticks” superiors use to influence employee behavior. b. Opportunity can be eliminated in a corporation. c. Opportunity directly relates to barriers to individual ethics. d. Opportunity relates directly to the power of the industry rivals’ suppliers over other rivals. e. Opportunity relates to being lucky in preventing misconduct.

Answer 52

a

Question 53

58. Which of the following states that each person has basic rights that are compatible to the basic liberties of others? a. Equality principle b. Difference principle c. Constitutional principle d. Veil of ignorance e. Justice principle

Answer 53

a

Question 54

How organizational decision makers actually approach ethical issues relates to which of the following? a. Normative approaches b. Individual approaches c. Descriptive approaches d. Organizational approaches e. Values-based approaches

Answer 54

C