emotion
A feeling state that involves distinctive physiological reactions and cognitive evaluations and that motivates action.
emotion regulation
Ways of acting to modulate and control emotions.
etic approach
An approach that emphasizes the universal aspects of human behavior and development.
emic approach
An approach that explores how behavior and development take place within specific cultural contexts.
basic emotions
Universal emotions—such as joy, fear, anger, surprise, sadness, and disgust—that are expressed similarly in all cultures and are present at
birth or in the early months.
differential emotions theory
The view that basic emotions are innate and emerge in their adult form either at birth or on a biologically determined timetable
ontogenetic adaptation
A trait or behavior that has evolved because it contributes to survival and normal development; in one view, infant emotions are ontogenetic
adaptations.
primary intersubjectivity
Organized, reciprocal interaction between an infant and a caregiver, with the interaction itself as the focus.
mirror neurons
Specialized brain cells that fire when an individual sees or hears another perform an action, just as they would fire if the observing individual
were performing the same action.
attachment
The emotional bond that children form with their caregivers at about 7 to 9 months of age.
biological drives
Impulses to attempt to satisfy essential physiological needs
detachment
For Bowlby, the state of indifference toward others experienced by children who have been separated from their caregivers for an extended
time and have not formed new stable relationships.
secure base
Bowlby’s term for the people whose presence provides a child with the security that allows him or her to make exploratory excursions.
separation anxiety
The distress that babies show when the person to whom they are attached leaves.
internal working model
A mental model that children construct as a result of their experiences with their caregivers and that they use to guide their interactions with
their caregivers and others
Strange Situation
A laboratory procedure designed to assess children’s attachment on the basis of their use of their mother as a secure base for exploration,
their reactions to being left alone with a stranger and then completely alone, and their response when they are reunited with their mother.
secure attachment
A pattern of attachment in which children play comfortably and react positively to a stranger as long as their mother is present. They
become upset when their mother leaves and are unlikely to be consoled by a stranger, but they calm down as soon as their mother reappears
avoidant attachment
The attachment pattern in which infants are indifferent to where their mother is sitting, may or may not cry when their mother leaves, are as
likely to be comforted by strangers as by their mother, and are indifferent when their mother returns to the room.
resistant attachment
the attachment pattern in which infants stay close to their mother and appear anxious even when their mother is near. They become very
upset when their mother leaves but are not comforted by her return. They simultaneously seek renewed contact with their mother and resist
their mother’s efforts to comfort them.
disorganized attachment
The insecure attachment pattern in which infants seem to lack a coherent method for dealing with stress. They may behave in seemingly
contradictory ways, such as screaming for their mother but moving away when she approaches. In extreme cases, they may seem dazed.
secondary intersubjectivity
A form of interaction between infant and caregiver, emerging at about 9–12 months, with communication and emotional sharing focused
not just on the interaction but on the world beyond.
self-conscious emotions
Emotions such as embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, and envy, which emerge after 8 months with infants’ growing consciousness of self
basic trust versus mistrust
For Erikson, the first stage of infancy, during which children either come to trust others as reliable and kind and to regard the world as safe
or come to mistrust others as insensitive and hurtful and to regard the world as unpredictable and threatening.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
For Erikson, the second stage of infancy, during which children develop a sense of themselves as competent to accomplish tasks or as not
competent.
-
ch 1/lec 173
-
ch 2/lec 263
-
ch 3/lec 3120
-
ch 4/5 and lec 4120
-
ch 665
-
ch3 simplified26
-
ch 7 and language lecture49
-
chapter 8 and ECH phys and cog lec36
-
chapter 9 and ECH emo lec45
-
chapter 11 and MCH cog lec31
-
chapter 13 and MCH social lec32
-
chapter 14 and ado phys and cog lec43
-
chapter 15 and ado soc/emo lec54
