ACP COPR 2025 > Ch 6 Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Ch 6 Pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of the functioning organism in the presence of stress, illness, or disease

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cells fluid

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3
Q

Organelles components within the cell

A

Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Nucleus

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4
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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5
Q

Epithelium

A

Covers external surfaces, lines hollow organs. Provides a protective barrier and plays a role in absorption and secretion.

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6
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds other tissues together.

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7
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Characterized by ability to contract. Enclosed by fascia. Functionally, either voluntary or involuntary

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8
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Characterized by ability to transmit nerve impulses.

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

A constant effort to preserve equilibrium. Also known as dynamic steady state

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10
Q

Ligand

A

Endogenous or exogenous molecules that bind to a receptor and cause a response

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11
Q

Endocrine hormone

A

Carried to their target organ or cell group via the blood

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12
Q

Exocrine hormone

A

Reach their target via duct that opens to a specific organ (I.e. sweat or stomach acid)

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13
Q

Paracrine hormone

A

Diffuse through intracellular spaces to reach their target

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14
Q

Autocrine hormone

A

A hormone that acts on the cell that secreted it

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15
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreased cell size due to loss of subcellular components

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16
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size due to the synthesis of more subcellular components

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17
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased number of cells in an organ or tissue

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18
Q

Dysplasia

A

Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells

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19
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell

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20
Q

Distribution of body fluid

A

Approximately 50-70% of TBW is fluid.
50% in women
60% in men
45% intracellular TBW
15% extracellular TBW

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21
Q

Fluid and water balance

A

60% input from drinking
30% from foods
10% from metabolism

Loss from urine (60%), 28% lungs and skin, 6% in feces, 6% in sweat

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22
Q

Movement of molecules

A

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Active transport

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23
Q

Plasma

A

Makes up 55% of blood. Comprised of 91% water and 9% plasma proteins

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24
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin

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25
4 forces that control capillary and interstitial plasma filtration
Capillary hydrostatic pressure Capillary colloid osmotic pressure Tissue hydrostatic pressure Tissue colloid osmotic pressure
26
Causes of edema
Increased capillary pressure Decreased capillary colloid osmotic pressure Lymphatic obstruction
27
3 receptors that monitor body’s hydration
Osmoreceptors (hypothalamus) Volume-sensitive receptors (atria) Baroreceptors (carotid, aorta, kidneys)
28
RAAS system
Regulates BP via vasoconstriction, fluid, and electrolyte regulation. Renin converts angiotensinogen to AT-1, which is converted to AT-2 via ACE in the lungs. Aldosterone is secreted to promote sodium retention and ADH promotes water retention
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Hypernatremia
Serum sodium greater than 143 mEq/L
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Hyponatremia
Serum sodium less than 135 mEq/L
31
Normal potassium
3.5-5 mEq/L
32
Hypo K
Reduced K intake, iatrogenic, renal or extrarenal loss. Muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps. Paralysis, hyporeflexia, tetany, ECG broad T waves, U waves, ST depression, dysrhythmias
33
Hyper K
Decreased excretion, cellular shifts, excessive intake. Weakness, rarely paralysis. ECG peaked T wave, wide QRS, dysrhythmias
34
Calcium
98% in bones and teeth. 8.2-10.2 mg/dL. Regulated by parathyroid.
35
Hypocalcemia
Reduced intake, increased loss, endocrine dx. Spasms, cramps, tetany, paresthesia, laryngospasm, convulsions, ECG prolonged QT.
36
Hypercalcemia
Increased intake, endocrine dx, neoplasms, misc causes. Frequent urination, constipation, stupor, coma, renal failure
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Hypophosphatemia
Decreased supply/absorption, blocked absorption, excessive loss, intracellular shift. Weakness, decreased tendon reflex, AMS, hemolytic anemia, rhabdo
38
Hyperphosphatemia
Excessive intake Tremor, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, confusion, seizure, weakness, AMS, HoTN, HF, long QT.
39
Magnesium
2nd most abundant intracellular cation. 50% in bones, 49% in cells, 1% extracellular. 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
40
Hypomagnesemia
Reduced absorption or intake, misc causes. Weakness, cramps, tremor, HTN, tachycardia, ventricular dysrhythmias
41
Hypermagnesemia
Almost always renal cause. Weakness, hyporeflexia, AMS, respiratory muscle paralysis
42
Bicarbonate buffer system
H + HCO3 <> H2O + CO2 Facilitated by carbonic anhydrase. Forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)
43
Cell injury causes
Hypoxia Ischemia Chemicals Infection Immunological Physical Inflammatory
44
3 main classes of pathogenic parasites
Protozoa Helminths Ectoparasites
45
Incidence of disease
Frequency of occurrence
46
Prevalence of disease
Number of cases in a population over time
47
Mortality
Number of deaths from a disease in a given population
48
Autosomal recessive
Pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes.
49
Autosomal dominant
Only one copy of particular form of gene to show that trait. 50% chance of passing the gene from the parent.
50
Cancer
Includes many types of malignant growths (neoplasms). Prognosis depends on metastasis and effectiveness of treatment
51
Central shock
Cardiogenic Obstructive
52
Peripheral shock
Hypovolemic Distributive
53
3 most common types of distributive shock
Anaphylactic Septic Neurogenic
54
Primary multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Direct result of an insult
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Secondary multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Organ dysfunction resulting from the patients response.
56
Native immunity
Non specific cellular and humoral response operating as the first line of defence.
57
Acquired immunity
Specific response to a foreign substance
58
IgG antibody
Most common. Found in lymph, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, CSF, breast milk. Is the only ab that crosses placenta
59
IgA antibody
15% of ab. Found in blood, tears, saliva, resp tract, stomach. Combines with a protein in the mucosa and defends body surfaces
60
IgM antibodies
5-10%. Dominant ab in ABO incompatibility. Is the initial ab formed in most infections
61
IgE antibody
Less than 1% of ab in the blood. Associated with allergic reactions
62
IgD antibodies
Less than 1%. Role is unclear
63
5 subgroups of T cells
Killer T cell Helper T cell Suppressor T cell (CD8) Memory T cell Lymphokine producing cell
64
Cellular event sequence for inflammation
Margination Activation Adhesion Diapedesis Chemotaxis
65
Type I hypersensitive reaction
Acute reaction to a stimulus. IgE mediated (allergic reaction to bees, etc)
66
Type II hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic reactions involving IgG or IgM. Examples include transfusion reactions
67
Type III hypersensitivity
Involves IgG immune complexes to recruit phagocytic cells. Systemic form is called serum sickness
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