ch 8

Question 1

transcription starts at

Answer 1

promoter!!!!! BOTH

Question 2

pro transcription occurs at

Answer 2

nucleiod/cytoplasm

Question 3

transcription and translation is

Answer 3

coupled

Question 4

promoter

Answer 4

sequence that recruits RNA pol for gene expression, contains -10 an d-35 sequences

Question 5

-35 and -10 sequence

Answer 5

part of e coli promoter, consensus sequence

Question 6

transcription start site number

Answer 6

+1

Question 7

-10 sequence

Answer 7

Tata box or pribnow box

Question 8

core enzyme

Answer 8

5 polypeptide chain, look like crab claw, catalyze polymerization

Question 9

sigma factor

Answer 9

directs poly to promoter, helps with specific initiation of transcription

Question 10

holoenzyme

Answer 10

core and sigma subunit, sigma can vary from each holoenzyme

Question 11

different sigma subunits leads to

Answer 11

controlled transcription, will bind to different shit

Question 12

sigma factor 70

Answer 12

important to life, housekeeping genes

Question 13

key functions of sigma factor

Answer 13

1. target RNA polymerase to holoenzyme and to specific promoters
2. melt -10 region of promoter and stabilize it as ssDNA
3. interact with other transcription factors

Question 14

transcription steps

Answer 14

1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination

Question 15

initiation steps

Answer 15

1. promoter recognized and binded to
2. close promoter complex formed
   3.open promoter complex formed
3. abortive transcription
4. promoter escape- sigma displaced?

Question 16

close promoter complex formed

Answer 16

open up at -10, then starts-ish

Question 17

elongation and sigma subunit relationship

Answer 17

no sigma required

Question 18

transcription bubble

Answer 18

area of denatured DNA where rna synthesis is occurring- 20 nucleotides long

Question 19

proofreading

Answer 19

rna poly has it but its not like ours

Question 20

termination types

Answer 20

rho indie and rho dependent

Question 21

rho indie relies on

Answer 21

inverted repeats to have hairpins, usually close to poly adenine (au) sequence

Question 22

rho dependent

Answer 22

binds to rut, rho chases rna polymerase, no au sequence

Question 23

constitutive genes

Answer 23

always on, housekeeping genes

Question 24

repressible genes

Answer 24

on unless off

Question 25

inducible genes

Answer 25

off unless on

Question 26

operons!! mostly in prokaryotes

Answer 26

groups of genes with related functions

Question 27

operons have

Answer 27

promoter, operator, regulatory genes, make polycistronic (multiple genes in one mRNA) mRNA,

Question 28

operons allow for

Answer 28

fast environment change

Question 29

cis acting sequence

Answer 29

regulatory element

Question 30

trans acting factors

Answer 30

binds to cis to activating or deactivate

Question 31

lac operon

Answer 31

induced yasssss

Question 32

trp

Answer 32

repressed

Question 33

lac operator binds to

Answer 33

lac repressor protein

Question 34

CAP

Answer 34

catabolite activator protein site, binds to protein called CAP (when glucose levels are low)

Question 35

lac pi

Answer 35

promoter, allows lac I gene to constitutively (always) express

Question 36

lac I gene

Answer 36

repressor binds to operator unless lactose is available

Question 37

cAMP

Answer 37

binds to CAP when gluc low to allow for gene to express

Question 38

glucose only

Answer 38

lac repressor binds to operator, no CAP binding to site

Question 39

lactose and glucose

Answer 39

repressor comes off, cap no bind (basal level)

Question 40

lactose only

Answer 40

high transcription, 5000 molecules of shit in 8 minutes

Question 41

others modes of regulation (lac)

Answer 41

glucose inhibits transport of lactose regulation by RHO (when not enough amino acids)

Question 42

beta glacatosidase breaks down what

Answer 42

lactose into lactose and glucose

Question 43

beta glacatosidase can modify lactose into

Answer 43

allolatose, binds to repressor protein to deactivate lac

Question 44

IPTG

Answer 44

can bind to repressor and allow for transcription doesn't get broken

Question 45

cooperative binding example

Answer 45

when cap is bound and glucose levels are low RNA poly recruited

Question 46

allosteric mods example (lac)

Answer 46

when lac repressor binds to allolactase cap and cAMP

Question 47

DNA looping

Answer 47

allows multiple proteins to interact with RNAP

Question 48

what type pr protein is lac repressor

Answer 48

dimeric

Question 49

allosteric mods of lac operon

Answer 49

alloactose and IPTG DNA looping

Question 50

attenuation

Answer 50

gene relation in transcribed dRNA ex trp

Question 51

when trp low

Answer 51

ribosome pauses, stem loop (anti terminator) forms in mRNA

Question 52

when trp high

Answer 52

terminator loop form, no more transcription

Question 53

riboswitches

Answer 53

Specialized domains within certain mRNA that act as switchable on/off elements- no protein required

Question 54

aptamer will

Answer 54

binds to target metabolite

Question 55

expression platform

Answer 55

changes to RNA folding due to metabolite binding events common in bacteria

Question 56

expression platform allows for

Answer 56

temp sensing, salt metal ion recognition, amino acid recognition and other small organic metabolites

Question 57

glucosamine-6- phosphate is controlled by

Answer 57

riboswitch ribozyme

Question 58

regulon

Answer 58

collection of regulated genes

Question 59

autoinducers

Answer 59

shit turn on to send signal to other bacteria near by to form biofilm

Question 60

quorum sensing

Answer 60

enough bacteria to change what going on in biofilm

Question 61

elongation steps prokaryotic

Answer 61

Transcription bubble, RNA pol reads template, Proofreading

Question 62

cooperative binding

Answer 62

when two or more ligand molecules can bind to a receptor molecule.