Chunking
- refers to combining individual items into a larger unit of meaning.
- I.e. 905-430-5124
Mnemonic devices
- is any type of memory aid
- i.e hierarchies, chunking, and acronyms that combine one or more letters (usually the first letter) form each piece of information
Dual coding theory
- information is stored in long-term memory in two forms: verbal codes and non-verbal (typically visual) codes
- encoding information using both codes enhances memory
• but sometimes it is hard to use dual coding
- i.e. jealousy, knowledge
Encoding
• It refers to getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes.
Sensory memory
- It holds incoming sensory information just long enough for it to be recognized.
- It is composed of different subsystems, called sensory registers, which are the initial information processors.
Working memory
• Short-term memory also is referred to as it
Memory has 3 major components
- sensory registers
- working memory
- long-term memory
Serial position effect
• It is the U-shaped pattern
- primacy effect and recency effect
• It means that recall is influenced by a word’s position in a series of items.
Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
• Maintenance rehearsal
- Def. The simple repetition of information
- By rehearsing information, we can extend its duration in short-term memory.
- I.e. you look up a telephone number and keep saying it to yourself, while waiting to use a phone.
• Elaborative rehearsal
- def. focusing on the meaning of information or relating it to other things we already know.
– It is more effective in transferring information into long-term memory
Schemas
- Def. It is a “mental framework”– an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations…
- I.e.
- There is a random paragraph, you can’t memory. But after be told that is about washing clothes, you remember
- For skillful chess player, he can remember chess position better if the chess is in meaningful position, rather than random position
Associative networks
• Def. It is a massive network of associated ideas and concepts.
Priming
- It refers to the activation of one concept by another.
* I.e. “fire engine” primes the node for “red”
Neural network
- the concepts of “red”, or “fire engine” do not stored within any single neuron, they stored in a neural network
- It is each concept is represented by a particular pattern or set of nodes that becomes activated simultaneously
Hierarchy
words presented in a logically organized hierarchical structure are remembered better than the same words placed randomly in a similar-looking structure
Type of long-term memory
• Declarative
- Episodic: personal experiences, i.e. when and what .. in your birthday
- Semantic: general factual knowledge, i.e. Mt everest is the highest peak
• Procedural
- Reflected in skills and actions, i.e. typing, ride motor
- Classically conditioned response, i.e. a bird blind his eye with a tone alone…
Explicit & Implicit memory
• Explicit memory
- conscious or intentional memory retrieval
• Implicit memory
- memory influences behavior but no conscious awareness
- i.e. STO__, riding bicycle, driving…
Flashbulb memories
- vivid, clear recollections, like a snapshot in time
* often inaccurately recalled
Encoding specificity principle
- it states that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
- i.e a woman was raped while out for a jog. She cannot remember rape. While one day jogging, she recalled the rape.
Context-dependent memory
- easier to remember sth in same environment where encoded
* i.e. upon returning to your elementary school, sights and sounds may trigger memories of teachers…
Interference theory
• Proactive interference
- past materiel interferes with recall of newer material
• Retroactive interference
– new information interferes with ability to recall older information
Why do we forget?
• Motivated forgetting
- i.e. repression, protect us by blocking the recall of anxiety-arousing memories
- hard to verify
• Amnesia
Retrograde & Anterograde & Infantile amnesia
• R
- memory loss for events before amnesia
• A
- …after..
• Infantile
- memory loss for early childhood
• Alzheimer’s Disease
- severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Consrctive Processes and schemas
• Memory is a constructive (or reconstructive) process
- Piece together bits of information in ways that intuitively “make sense”
- Often highly inaccurate
- Schemas can distort memories, serious personal and societal consequences
- Errors were positively biased (recall grades from high school, they usually remember B as A)
-
Boundary extension
• Remembering a scene as more expansive – as being “wider-angle” – than it really was
- E.g. The size of drawing bear shrinks
