ch 8: altered immune function

Question 1

what is a hypersensitivity?

Answer 1

altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host

Question 2

what is autoimmunity?

Answer 2

disturbance/loss in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens

Question 3

what is alloimmunity?

Answer 3

immune reactions to tissues of another individual

Question 4

what is an immunodeficiency?

Answer 4

failure of immune or inflammatory response to function normally, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections

Question 5

what is type 1 hypersensitivity? cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?

Answer 5

• IgE
• antibody mediated
• allergic reaction
• hay fever, seasonal allergies, and asthma

Question 6

what is type 2 hypersensitivity?cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?

Answer 6

• IgM and IgG blinding to tissue-specific antigens
• antibody mediated
• phagocytosis or complement system
• hemolysis in drug reaction and graves disease

Question 7

what is the mechanism of myasthenia gravis? what type of hypersensitivity is this?

Answer 7

• neuromuscular junction
• acetylcholine receptors
• striations of skeletal and cardiac muscles
• type 2
• autoimmune disease

Question 8

what is the mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis? what type of hypersensitivity is this?

Answer 8

• joints

- collagen, IgG

Question 9

what is the mechanism of systemic lupus erythematosus? what type of hypersensitivity is this?

Answer 9

• multiple sites
• numerous antigens in nuclei, organelles, and extracellular matrix
• type 3

Question 10

what is the mechanism of graves disease? what type of hypersensitivity is this?

Answer 10

• type 2
• thyroid gland
• receptors for thyroid stimulating hormone on plasma membrane of thyroid cells

Question 11

what is type 3 hypersensitivity? cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?

Answer 11

• immune complex mediated
• IgM and IgG
• antibody mediated
• not organ specific
• gluten allergy
• systemic: serum sickness
• local: arthus reaction

Question 12

type 4 hypersensitivity? cell mediated or antibody mediated? examples?

Answer 12

• t cell mediated tissue reaction
• poison ivy allergy and metals
• cell mediated

Question 13

what is the RAA pathway?

Answer 13

• dehydration or hemorrhage
• decrease blood volume
• decrease bp
• juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys
• increased renin
• angiotensinogen
• angiotensinogen 1
• lungs
• angiotensinogen 2
• adrenal cortex
• increased aldosterone
• increased sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
• increased bp

Question 14

what is molecular mimicry? what is an example?

Answer 14

• autoimmunity

- strep throat has protein mimicry which causes rheumatic fever

Question 15

what is a sequela?

Answer 15

when a disease leads to another disease

Question 16

what is anaphylaxis? what are some examples? what are some s&s? how long does this reaction take to occur?

Answer 16

• allergic reaction
• bee sting, shellfish
• inflammation, trouble breathing, hives
• seconds

Question 17

what mediator does a mast cell have inside of it?

Answer 17

histamine

Question 18

what type of hypersenstivity uses mast cells?

Answer 18

type 1

Question 19

what are some examples of alloimmunity?

Answer 19

• transfusion reactions
• transient neonatal alloimmunity
• transplant rejection

Question 20

what is it called when the baby has rh+ blood and the mother has rh- blood?

Answer 20

• alloimmunity

- transient neonatal alloimmunity

Question 21

how are host-versus-graft diseases classified?

Answer 21

• by time
• hyper acute: instant
• acute: first few months
• chronic: prolonged

Question 22

what does a transplant rejection depend on?

Answer 22

MHC between donor and recipient

Question 23

how do you desensitize a type one hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 23

injections of small amounts of the allergen with increasing amounts over time

Question 24

what are the symptoms of serum sickness?

Answer 24

• fever
• enlarged lymph nodes
• rash
• pain
• Raynaud phenomenon

Question 25

what are the symptoms of arthus reaction? how do you get this?

Answer 25

- edema - hemorrhage - clotting - tissue damage - from injection or inhalation

Question 26

what is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 26

- when the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+ - nothing happens during first pregnancy - 2nd pregnancy it will hurt the mother and babies

Question 27

is HIV and AIDS congenital or acquired?

Answer 27

acquired

Question 28

how low can CD4 cells get when it is considered AIDS?

Answer 28

< 200

Question 29

what are the treatments for immunodeficiencies?

Answer 29

- gamma globulin therapy - transplantation and transfusion - treatment with soluble immune mediators - gene therapy

Question 30

what is Raynaud phenomenon? what can this end in?

Answer 30

- perfusion disease - white, blue, red - reperfusion injury

Question 31

your child comes inside after playing with his friends and complains of itchy skin. You notice hives covering his arms and face appears flushed. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this? what antibody mediates this?

Answer 31

- type 2 | - IgE

Question 32

do type 1 hypersensitivity reactions have an immediate response?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

what are some common triggers for anaphylactic shock?

Answer 33

peanuts, shellfish, and bee stings

Question 34

what cells are involved in type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 34

- B cells | - mast cells

Question 35

which hypersensitivity has a delayed response?

Answer 35

type 4

Question 36

a gentleman has a rash between his toes that burns and constantly itches. what would your pre-emptive diagnosis be? aka what?

Answer 36

- tinea pedis | - athletes foot

Question 37

a child presents to the clinic with facial anomalies and no thymus development. what is this child suffering from?

Answer 37

digeorge syndrome

Question 38

what cells do HIV kill? aka what?

Answer 38

- CD4 | - helper t cells

Question 39

what drug do patients with HIV and AIDS get prescribed?

Answer 39

HAART