Ch. 8 Lecture

Question 1

individual

Answer 1

focus is on an individual

Question 2

population

Answer 2

focus is on a single species

Question 3

main question in population ecology

Answer 3

How does the environment affect the:

(GRADS)

• Growth
• Reproduction
• Abundance
• Distribution
• Survival

of a species?

Question 4

Reasons for studying populations

Answer 4

• saving endangered and functionally important species
• controlling pest populations
• managing fish and game populations
• controlling disease epidemics and understanding their impacts
• human population growth

Question 5

What does population ecology measure?

Answer 5

(DADA-RIBS)

• Distribution
• Age distribution
• Density
• Abundance
• Rate of growth
• Immigration/emigration
• Birth/death rate
• Spatial pattern

Question 6

Characteristics of populations

Answer 6

• Distribution
• Abundance/Density

Question 7

The distribution of species: Why isn’t every species found everywhere?

Answer 7

• Evolved physiological, anatomical, and behavioral characteristics to compensate for environmental variation.
• metabolically costly, limiting distribution.

Question 8

Distribution

Answer 8

describes a species SPATIAL LOCATION over the area that it occurs

-can change (i.e. seasonal)

Question 9

Niche

Answer 9

• all the environmental factors that INFLUENCE GROWTH, SURVIVAL, and REPRODUCTION of a species.
• all the factors necessary for its existence.
• multidimensional (Predators v. Nutrients v. Temperature)
• fundamental and realized

Question 10

Fundamental Niche

Answer 10

the TOTAL RANGE of physical environmental conditions that are suitable for existence, in the ABSENCE of COMPETITION and PREDATION

Question 11

Realized Niche

Answer 11

describes the FRACTION of the fundamental niche that is ACTUALLY OCCUPIED by a species

-represents current distribution

Question 12

difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche is usually the result of:

Answer 12

biotic interactions

Question 13

What controls the distribution of organisms at SMALL SCALES (within populations)?

Answer 13

Dispersion

Question 14

3 basic patterns of Dispersion

Answer 14

• Random
• Regular
• Clumped

Question 15

Random Distribution

Answer 15

EQUAL CHANCE of being anywhere

• RESOURCES distributed UNIFORMLY
• frequent, random pattern of disturbance SOLITARY animals with LARGE HOME RANGES

Question 16

Regular Distribution

Answer 16

UNIFORMLY SPACED

• EXCLUSIVE use of areas
• individuals AVOID one another TERRITORIAL, NON-GROUP animals

Question 17

Clumped Distribution

Answer 17

UNEQUAL CHANCE of being anywhere

• MUTUAL ATTRACTION between individuals
• patchy resource distribution, HABITAT HETEROGENEITY

SOCIAL animals

Question 18

How are individuals distributed on a LARGER SCALE, across environmental variation?

Answer 18

most species show a CLUMPED DISTRIBUTION, whether they range over a large or small geographic area

Question 19

Which factors influence species abundance and density?

Answer 19

niche characteristics

-Habitat Tolerance

Body size

Question 20

Habitat Tolerance

Answer 20

conditions toward the EDGE of the RANGE may lead to PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS, which could DECREASE reproductive FITNESS

Question 21

Animals must ____ and this influences the distribution of the animal…

Answer 21

animals must EAT and whatever regulates the distribution of their FOOD will REGULATE the distribution of the ANIMAL

Question 22

Abundance

Answer 22

the TOTAL NUMBER of individual of a species PRESENT in a SPECIFIED AREA

Question 23

Density

Answer 23

individuals/area

Question 24

measuring abundance and density

Answer 24

Mark-Recapture Techniques

Question 25

Mark-Recapture Technique

Answer 25

k_r/K_m1=n_c2/N_x (#recaptured)/(#marked 1st visit)=(#captured 2nd visit)/(#population)

Question 26

discovered body size and density correlation

Answer 26

John Damuth, 1981 negative linear relationship v body mass= ^ density

Question 27

species of herbivorous mammals

Answer 27

307

Question 28

Lincoln-Peterson Index (Mark-Recapture)

Answer 28

N=(M\*S)/R N: population size estimate M: marked individuals resleased (new marked) S: size of 2nd sample R: marked animals recaptured highly effected by recapture rates

Question 29

Schnabel Index (Mark-Recapture)

Answer 29

N=ΣM_iC_i/ΣR_i M_i: total previously marked in population C_i: captured sample R_i: recaptured in current sample More accurate due to more samples taken and higher recapture rates