Ch. 8 Test

Question 1

define cell division

Answer 1

• the reproduction of cells
• the two “daughter” cells are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell

Question 2

what are the purposes of cell division

Answer 2

-growth
-repair
-offspring

Question 3

compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction

Answer 3

similar- they both reproduce
diff- asexual has identical copies while sexual has a variety of offspring

Question 4

describe a prokaryotic chromosome

Answer 4

• most genes are carried on one circular DNA that constitutes the organisms chromosome
• it is one long curled up string

Question 5

describe prokaryotic cell division/binary fission

Answer 5

• they divide in half

Question 6

describe the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 6

• contains one large DNA molecule
• DNA molecule is only seen when cell is splitting, otherwise it’s a thin chromatin fiber

Question 7

define sister chromatids

Answer 7

• when the chromosomes start duplicating, before a cell starts dividing
• two chromatids that are identical

Question 8

define cell cycle

Answer 8

an ordered sequence of events that run from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell unit to its own division into two cells

Question 9

what are the stages in the eukaryotic cycle

Answer 9

-interphase: G1, S, G2
-mitosis: PPMAT
-cytokinesis: the growing phase

Question 10

what are the phases of interphase

Answer 10

-G1: lots of growth
-S : chromosomes are duplicated
-G2 : more growth and preparing for cellular division

Question 11

define mitosis

Answer 11

nuclear division

Question 12

when is the majority of a cell’s life spent in

Answer 12

interphase

Question 13

define karyokinesis

Answer 13

another term for mitosis

Question 14

list the stages of mitosis

Answer 14

PPMAT
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 15

describe prophase

Answer 15

• chromatin becomes tightly coiled into chromosomes
• forms sister chromatids
• mitotic spindle begins to form

Question 16

describe prometaphase

Answer 16

• nuclear envelope breaks down
• centrosomes move to the poles and microtubules reach to the chromosomes and attach to the kinetochore (protein that holds sisters together)

Question 17

describe metaphase

Answer 17

spindle is fully formed and chromosomes line up down the middle of the spindle

Question 18

describe anaphase

Answer 18

the centromeres pull apart, separating the sister chromatids

Question 19

describe telophase

Answer 19

• the reverse of prophase
• the chromosomes uncoil and return to chromatin form
• daughter nuclei appear at poles and envelope appears around them to form two new nuclei

Question 20

describe cytokinesis

Answer 20

• cell division of the cytoplasm

Question 21

define kinetochore

Answer 21

the protein fibers that connect sister chromatids

Question 22

what type of cell has cleavage

Answer 22

only animal cells

Question 23

define apoptosis

Answer 23

cell death

Question 24

compare cytokinesis in animal and plant cells

Answer 24

• both duplicate cells
• animal cell has cleavage and plant cell uses a cell plate to split

Question 25

describe the cell cycle control system

Answer 25

a set of proteins that regulate and stop and go of cells dividing

Question 26

what are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle control system

Answer 26

- G1: between G1 and S - G2: before mitosis - M: between metaphase and anaphase

Question 27

describe G0

Answer 27

a permanently nondividing stage (cardiac muscle and nerve cells)

Question 28

how are cancerous cells different from healthy cells

Answer 28

the divide excessively, forming tumors, they aren't regulated by the cell cycle

Question 29

define benign

Answer 29

doesn't invade other tissues

Question 30

define malignant

Answer 30

does invade other tissues

Question 31

define angiogenesis

Answer 31

reroute blood vessel

Question 32

define metastasis

Answer 32

to spread

Question 33

define somatic cells

Answer 33

body cells

Question 34

describe chromosome number in a typical somatic cells

Answer 34

- humans cells have 46 - 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

Question 35

describe autosomes

Answer 35

chromosomes other than sex chromosomes that determine all other traits (first 22)

Question 36

describe sex chromosomes

Answer 36

chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (last pair)

Question 37

define locus

Answer 37

carrying the same genes for the same characteristics at the same time

Question 38

define life cycle

Answer 38

a sequence of generation to generation stages in the history of an organism, from fertilization to the production of its own offspring

Question 39

define gametes

Answer 39

- eggs and sperm - are haploid cells with a single set of chromosomes

Question 40

what's the difference between haploid and diploid cells

Answer 40

diploid has two sets of chromosomes while haploid only has one

Question 41

explain the process of fertilization

Answer 41

when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, resulting in a fertilized egg or a zygote (has one set of chromosomes from each parent so its a haploid)

Question 42

what happens in meiosis ll

Answer 42

meiosis one repeats, except meiosis ll results in 4 cells

Question 43

what are the stages of meiosis

Answer 43

prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, telophase l, cytokinesis l, meiosis ll

Question 44

describe prophase l

Answer 44

when crossing over occurs

Question 45

describe metaphase l

Answer 45

random alignment

Question 46

describe anaphase l

Answer 46

sister chromatids remain attached, homologous chromosomes separate

Question 47

describe telophase l

Answer 47

cleavage furrow

Question 48

describe cytokinesis

Answer 48

fully separates

Question 49

describe meiosis ll

Answer 49

- sister chromatids in each chromosomes separate - results in 4 haploid cells

Question 50

define tetrads

Answer 50

a set of 4 chromatids

Question 51

compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis

Answer 51

- they both reproduce, both require ATP - meiosis has two parts, mitosis is asexual

Question 52

what are the 3 ways genetic variation is produced

Answer 52

- independent orientation - random fertilization - crossing over

Question 53

define chiasma

Answer 53

the place where two homologous (nonsister) chromatids are attached to each other

Question 54

define karyotyping

Answer 54

a photographic inventory of an individuals chromosomes

Question 55

why is karyotyping important

Answer 55

so chromosomal abnormalities can be detected

Question 56

how do white blood cells support karyotyping

Answer 56

- they're isolated - stimulated to grow - arrested at metaphase - photographed under a microsope