What parental feeding practices contribute to childhood obesity?
- parents anxiously overfeed
- parents pressure their kids to eat
- parents over control what their children eat
- Frequent eating out-which increases parents’ and children’s consumption of high calorie fast foods-is linked to overweight.
What is the most effective intervention for treatment of obesity? Describe the methods
and results (including followup data) of the obesity treatment program.family-based and focus on changing behaviors. working on changing eating patterns and exercising in order to work towards special activities together.
follow-ups after 5-10yrs showed that children maintained their weight loss more effectively than their parents
By age 6 why do children have large writing? ( “Fine Motor Development” section)
they make strokes with their entire arm rather than just wrist and fingers
Be able to recognize “Providing Developmentally Appropriate Organized Sports” in Middle
Childhood”.
better take everyone’s last frozen donut pretzel
build on children's interests teach age-appropriate skills emphasize enjoyment limit frequency and length of practices focus on personal and team improvement discourage unhealthy competition permit children to contribute to rules and strategies
How much moderate-intensity exercise does the book recommend for good health?
60min per day
Define: concrete operational stage. What changes occur in thought? Can they pass conservation tasks during this stage? If so, what does this provide evidence of? Be sure to define and use the terms decentration and reversibility in your answer.
- concrete operational stage: 7-11yrs. compared with early childhood, thought is far more logical, flexible and organized.
- yes, this provides evidence of operations and makes them capable of decentration and reversibility
- decentration: focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them
- reversibility: capacity to think through series of steps and mentally reverse direction, returning to starting point
What is one important limitation of concrete operational thought? Provide an illustration of this limitation as listed in the book. Do forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks emerge spontaneously? If not, what three factors influence these forms of logic (“The Impact of Culture and Schooling”)?
- limitation: children think in an organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly
ex: girl knows backstop weaving, but can still do poorly on Piaget’s tasks. - they do not emerge spontaneously, factors of training, context and cultural conditions influence these form so logic
What is ADHD? What is role of genetics, environmental and prenatal factors in ADHD? What is advantage and disadvantage of using drug therapy alone? What is the most effective treatment? Why is family intervention important?
- ADHD: inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems
- ADHD is highly heritable and shows abnormalities in the brain, prenatal teratogens are linked to inattention and hyperactivity, homes in which marriages are unhappy and family stress is high
- advantage: when dosage is carefully regulated, they can reduce activity level and improve attention..
- disadvantages: cannot teach children to compensate for inattention and impulsivity
- most effective treatment is a comb of medication with interventions that model and reinforce appropriate academic and social behavior
- ADHD children strain the patience of parents, its important for everyone to be on board with intervention
What is cognitive self-regulation? How do poor students differ from good students in terms of self-regulation?
-cognitive self-regulation: process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
Define whole-language vs. basic skills approach to reading (including phonics). What is the best strategy for teaching reading? Why is this the best approach?
- whole-language: children should be exposed to test in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language
- basic skills:
- phonics: basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
What is stereotype threat? Describe the study on stereotype threat.
- stereotype threat: fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype- can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance
- children of diff ethnicities were given a test and were told in two cases that it was “not a test” and that it “was a test”. results showed that african-americans and hispanics performed far worse in the “test” condition than in the “not a test” condition. Caucasian children performed similarly in both conditions.
What written-language activity contributes enormously to vocabulary growth in middle childhood? How many minutes of this activity lead to exposure to high number of vocabulary words?
- reading and exposing themselves to words
- 21 minutes per day leads to 2 million words per year
What are the positive consequences of bilingual education for development? In terms of the debate on bilingual education, what are the positions of the two sides? Which side does public opinion support? What evidence does the book provide regarding the effects of the two approaches?
- children outperform others tests of selective attention, inhibition of irrelevant information, analytical reasoning, concept formation and cognitive flexibility
- pro: children achieve in reading, writing and math
- con: time spent learning new language detracts from english-language achievement, which is crucial for success in schools and work
- the public opinion supports english-only instruction
- in classrooms where both languages are integrated into the curriculum, minority children are more involved in learning and acquire the second language more easily
What is meant by “least restrictive’ environment? What is meant by learning disabilities? Be sure to use the terms “achievement’ and “IQ” in your answer. What social problems do they encounter? Under what classroom arrangements do they do best? What steps can be taken to promote peer relations?
- least restrictive: environment that is as close to normal as possible that meet a child’s educational needs when having a learning disability. their achievement is considerably behind what would be expected on the basis of their IQ
- children with disabilities are often rejected by regular-classroom peers and are overwhelmed by the social skills of their classmates
- they do best when they receive instruction in a resource room for part of the day and a regular room for the remainder
- cooperative learning and peer-tutoring where teachers guide children with learning difficulties and their classmates in working together lead to friendly interaction, improved peer acceptance and achievement gains. teachers can also prepare their class for the arrival of a special needs child.
