Ch.16

Question 1

What is the ability to ward off disease?

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

define Susceptibility

Answer 2

Lack of resistance to a disease

Question 3

Defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at BIRTH (non-specific)

Answer 3

Innate immunity

Question 4

T/F 1st and 2nd line of defenses are innate ( nonspecific)

Physical & chemical barriers, and genetic components are examples of what line of defense?

Inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis,, and complement are examples of what line of defense?

Answer 4

TRUE

1ST LINE

2ND LINE

Question 5

BIGGER PICTURE IMMUNITY

1. __________ (viruses, bacteria, fungi) —-> (1st line of defense) 2. ________, mucous membrane, antimicrobial substances —-> (2nd line of defense) Inflammation, fever, 3.__________ —–> (3rd line of defense) 4. __________ and __________ immunity

Answer 5

1. pathogens
2. skin
3. phagocytes
4. humoral and cellular immunity

Question 6

T/F the 3rd line of defense is acquired & specific

give 2 examples of naturally acquired defense and determine whether they are active or passive

give 2 examples of artificially acquired defense and determine whether they are active or passive

Answer 6

TRUE

1. infection (active)
2. Maternal antibodies (passive)
3. vaccination (active)
4. immune serum (passive)

Question 7

Which line of defense is the largest line of defense in immunity?

Answer 7

First line of defense

Question 8

What are two physical barriers?

Answer 8

1. skin (most visible)
2. mucous membrane (lines tracts)

Question 9

Both skin and mucous membranes are protected by a variety of chemical barriers (antimicrobial substances) including what four things?

Answer 9

1. lysozyme
2. sebum
3. low pH (1.2 - 3.0) of gastric juices
4. low pH (3 -5) of vaginal secretions

Question 10

What are 3 examples of mucous membranes?

Answer 10

1. Epithelial layer lines the gastrointestinal
2. respiratory
3. genitourinary tracts

Question 10

Lysozymes degrade ______________ and are found in what 4 things?

Answer 10

peptidogylcan

tears
saliva
blood
phagocytes

Question 11

1. which structure in the first line of defense is not technically part of the immune system?
2. what does this structure do?

Answer 11

1. normal microbiota
2. protects against pathogens through competitive exclusion

Question 11

What is the function of sebum?

Answer 11

forms a protective film and lowers the pH (3–5) of skin

Question 12

What is a better way to treat antibiotics instead of using antibiotics?

Answer 12

Florastor

Question 13

what 2 things happen in competitive exclusion?

Answer 13

• Competes for space, covers binding sites, – Pathogens can’t bind
• Competes for nutrients
  – Nutrients unavailable for pathogens

Question 15

1. Cells of immune system have
   elaborate communication system, how is it achieved?
2. Proteins act as ________ _________, called cytokines

Answer 15

1. through production of proteins
2. chemical messengers

Question 16

HUMAN BODY PICTURE

Lysozyme, peroxidase, and lactoferrin are the antimicrobial factors in __________

Remove inhaled particles: _______

Mucus, cilia: ________ _______

Physical barrier, fatty, acids, sweat, normal flora: ___________

Acid in stomach = low or high pH?

T/F pH does not change from stomach to upper intestine

Flushing of urinary tract: __________

Answer 16

saliva

nose

normal flora

skin

low

false, pH changes rapidly

uterus

Question 17

what are the “eyes” and “ears” of the cell

Answer 17

Cell surface receptors

Question 18

___________ are the “voice”

Answer 18

cytokines

Question 19

which receptors allow cells to “see”
molecules signifying presence of microbes
outside the cell?

Answer 19

TLR Toll-Like receptors

Question 20

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are present on what?

What do PRRs do?

Answer 20

HOST (immune cells / “self”)

alerts the body when the first line barriers have been breached
and pathogens have entered the body

Question 21

What do PRRs recognize?

Answer 21

pathogen- or damage-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs)

Question 22

Where are PAMPs and DAMPs found?

T/F PAMPS/DAMPS are found in the pathogen

Answer 22

bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi

TRUE

Question 23

Two major forms of innate immune sensors, which provide immediate responses
against pathogenic invasion or tissue injury.

^ what do these two things do?

Answer 23

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) & NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

Enable cells to sense invasion

Question 24

T or F TLR found in very few cell types T or F NLR do same as TLRs for inside cell (cytoplasm)

Answer 24

False, found in a variety True

Question 25

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on host cells attach to what? TLRs bound to these patterns release what?

Answer 25

PAMPs cytokines

Question 26

Where are cells of the immune systems always found?

Answer 26

in normal blood

Question 27

When is the second line of defense triggered?

Answer 27

sensor systems go off telling the body something has gotten passed the first line of defense

Question 28

4 main components of the 2nd line of defense?

Answer 28

4 Main Components: 1. Complement 2. Interferon 3. Phagocytosis 4. Inflammation

Question 29

T and B cells make up __________ in hematopoiesis?

Answer 29

Lymphocytes

Question 30

Define hematopoiesis

Answer 30

blood cell formation

Question 31

Where do blood cells and immune cells originate from?

Answer 31

hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

Question 32

What makes up WBC?

Answer 32

Neutrophils (60%-70%) lymphocytes (20%-25%) Monocytes (3-8%) Eosinophils (2-4%) Basophils (0.5-1%)

Question 33

What is the normal WBC

Answer 33

normal: 4000–11,000/ ul

Question 34

Where do monocytes circulate? What 2 things can macrophages differentiate into?

Answer 34

in blood Macrophages or Dendritic

Question 35

High WBC counts may indicate what?

Answer 35

bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, or side effects of medication

Question 36

Which type of cells function as "scouts" in tissue? What are present in most tissues (liver, spleen, nodes,etc.)?

Answer 36

Dendritic cells Macrophages

Question 37

viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, extremely severe bacterial infections, side effects of medications, or cancers all indication of what?

Answer 37

Low WBC counts

Question 38

What is an important concept in immunity?

Answer 38

Differentiating self vs. nonself

Question 39

What are the primary organs in the lymphatic system?

Answer 39

Bone marrow and Thymus

Question 40

Lymph is basically a filtration system in the _____________ system that removes __________?

Answer 40

lymphoid system removes pathogens

Question 41

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, etc. are part of which type of organs in the lymphatic system?

Answer 41

Secondary organs

Question 42

Carry lymph to body tissues

Answer 42

Lymphatic vessels

Question 43

Where does lymph carry microbes to? What 3 things encounter and destroy the pathogen?

Answer 43

lymph nodes 1. B and T lymphocytes, 2. macrophages 3. dendritic cells

Question 44

The pathways of the complement system?

Answer 44

Alternative pathway, Lectin pathway, and classical pathway

Question 45

How many proteins are in the complement system? Where are these proteins secreted? What does the complement system do?

Answer 45

30 serum proteins liver enhances the immune system in destroying microbes

Question 46

T/F The complement system is a part of the innate immune system but can be recruited by the adaptive immune system T/F The complement system acts in response to stimuli

Answer 46

TRUE TRUE

Question 47

How does the complement system destroy microbes?

Answer 47

cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation

Question 48

PHAGOCYTES: predominate early in initial phase of a bacterial infection (“first responders”) dominate later (“clean-up crew”)

Answer 48

Neutrophils Macrophages

Question 49

In _____________ activated complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC)

Answer 49

Cytolysis

Question 50

What does opsonization promote?

Answer 50

attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe

Question 51

In inflammation Activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, causing them to release ___________ and other _______________ _______

Answer 51

histamine inflammatory cytokines

Question 52

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 52

the ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell

Question 53

Professional” phagocytes include what 2 things?

Answer 53

1. Neutrophils 2. Macrophages

Question 54

T/F Fixed macrophages (histiocytes) are residents in only tissues __________ __________roam tissues and gather at sites of infection

Answer 54

FALSE, tissues AND organs Free (wandering) macrophages

Question 55

The 4 mechanisms of phagocytosis are?

Answer 55

1. chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion

Question 56

PUT THE STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS IN ORDER: A. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome B. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes C. Formation of a phagosome D. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte E. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte F. Discharge of waste materials G. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material

Answer 56

1. D 2. E 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. G 7. F

Question 57

What are the 3 types of interferons? T/F IFN- a and IFN-b are produced by viral-infected host cells

Answer 57

IFN- alpha, beta, and lambda TRUE

Question 58

what are Interferon (IFN) involved against?

Answer 58

1. viruses, 2. other microbes 3. intercommunication

Question 59

When does inflammation occur?

Answer 59

in response to tissue damage or microbial invasion

Question 60

1. T or F Interferons bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression 2. IFNs ________ the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects?

Answer 60

True inhibit

Question 61

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 61

– Heat – Pain – Redness – Swelling

Question 62

T/F Clotting after abrasion is to prevent further infection

Answer 62

TRUE

Question 63

Neutrophils and Macrophages are both __________

Answer 63

phagocytic

Question 64

What is margination?

Answer 64

phagocytes stick to the endothelium

Question 65

OUTCOMES OF INFLAMMATION T/F Intent is to limit damage and restore function T/F If inflammation is limited to area of injury, damage is usually large T/F If inflammation results in delicate systems, consequences are more severe

Answer 65

TRUE FALSE, damage is nominal (small) TRUE

Question 66

phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells

Answer 66

Diapedesis

Question 67

1. what are pyrogens? 2. Fever-inducing cytokines 3. Microbial products

Answer 67

1. fever-inducing substances 2. endogenous pyrogens 3. exogenous pyrogens

Question 68

Resulting fever inhibits growth of pathogens by elevating?

Answer 68

temperature above maximum growth temperature

Question 69

Define genetic resistance T/F sickle cell trait and Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) are examples of genetic resistance T/F Very young and elderly are more resistant to disease

Answer 69

Confers a selective survival advantage TRUE FALSE, they are more SUSCEPTIBLE