ch18

Question 1

apoptosis vs necrosis

Answer 1

-apoptotic cells have intact plasma membrane, condensed chromatin, & distorted/concentrated at margin of nucleus
-necrosis seems to have exploded

Question 2

apoptosis significance

Answer 2

-gets rid of unwanted cells
-how animals shape through development
-metamorphosis
-what chemotherapy and radiation are based off of
-mostly for damaged cells beyond repair

Question 3

visible hallmarks of apoptosis

Answer 3

1. chromatin and cytoplasm condense & concentrate against nucleus margin
2. nuclear fragmentation initiates cell fragmentation
3. phagocytosis from other phagocytic cell

Question 4

Initiator caspases

Answer 4

First responders to apoptotic signals

Question 4

Executor caspases

Answer 4

Execute the hallmarks of apoptosis

Question 4

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 4

FAS ligand/FAS receptor- mediated pathway triggered by events that occur outside of the cell
trigger a caspase cascade initiating apoptosis

Question 5

Intrinsic pathway

Answer 5

trigged by intracellular events and controlled by the mitochondria
trigger a caspase cascade initiating apoptosis

Question 6

regulation of onset of apoptosis-p53

Answer 6

-monitors DNA damage
-can trigger activation of genes that promote apoptosis or restrain cell growth
-eliminates the irreparably damaged

Question 7

Initiator process

Answer 7

1. Initiator caspase monomers are inactive and separate
2. Signal binds monomers together into activated dimer
3. Cross-cleavage within dimer
4. Becomes mature active initiator caspase and goes to activate executioner

Question 8

Executor process

Answer 8

1. Inactive executioner caspase dimer
2. Active initiator caspase activates dimer by cleavage
3. Mature active executioner caspase promotes cleavage of cell proteins and starts apoptosis