1
Q
____system : -Nerve impulses/ Neurotransmitters -Faster responses, briefer effects, acts on specific target
A
Nervous
2
Q
____ system: -Hormone-mediator molecule released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts -Slower responses, effects last longer, broader influence
A
endocrine
3
Q
ducted glands are..
A
exocrine (endocrine)
4
Q
ductless glands that secrete products into interstitial fluid; diffuse into blood
A
endocrine gland
5
Q
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands are all ____ glands
A
endocrine
6
Q
Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta
A
exceptions : organs and tissues not exclusively endocrine
7
Q
affect only specific target tissues with specific receptors in which constantly synthesize and break down -Down-regulation – decrease in receptors -Up-regulation – increase in receptors
A
hormones
8
Q
regulation in endocrine system can be activated or inhibited by:
A
neural regulation, hormonal regulation, or humoral regulation
9
Q
2 hormone types are
A
- Circulating – circulate in blood throughout body
- Local hormones – act locally
- Paracrine – act on neighboring cells
- Autocrine – act on the same cell that secreted them
10
Q
lipid soluble -use transport proteins- hormones include
A
- steroid hormones
- thryoid hormones
- nitric oxide
11
Q
water soluble hormones that circulate in free form include:
A
- amines
- peptides/proteins
- eicosanoids
12
Q
- Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and …
A
- Activate second messenger system
- Amplification of original small signal
13
Q
Responsiveness of target cell depends on what 3 things
A
- Hormone’s concentration
- Abundance of target cell receptors
- Influence exerted by other hormones
14
Q
- lipid soluble hormones binding to receptors inside target cells
A
mechanism of action of lipid soluble steroid and thyroid hormones
15
Q
water soluble hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane ; then …
A
- activate second messenger system
- amplification of original small signal
16
Q
responsiveness of target cell depends on …
A
- hormone’s concentration
- abundance of target cell receptors
- influence exerted by other hormones(permissive, synergistic and antagonistic effects)
17
Q
- lipid soluble hormone diffuses into cell
- activated receptor hormone compelx alters gene expression
- newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
A
lipid soluble hormone action
18
Q
- first messenger binds to its receptor activates G protein activating adenylate cyclase
- activated adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
- cAMP serves as 2nd messenger to activate protein kinases
- activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins
- millions of phosphorylated proteins cause reactions that produce physiological responses
A
water soluble hormone action
19
Q
control of hormone secretion regulated by:
A
- signals from nervous system
- chemical changes in the blood
- other hormones
[most hormonal regulation by negative feedback]
20
Q
major link btwn nervous and endocrine system
A
hypothalamus
21
Q
- somatotrophs
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- lactotrophs
- corticotrophs
A
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS cells
22
Q
human growth hormone and insulin like growth factors are what type of anterior pituitary cells
A
somatotrophs
23
Q
thyroid stimulating hormone is what type of adenohypophysis cell/ lactotrophs include ___
A
thryotrophs; prolactin
24
Q
adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte stimulating hormone are what type of anterior pitutary cells
A
corticotrophs
25
* hormone release stimulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothatlamus (regulated by negative feedback)
* hypothalamic hormones made by neurosecretory cells transported by hypophyseal portal system
* tropic hormones acting on other endocrine systems
anterior pituitary= adenohypophysis
26
stimulates secretion of insulin like growth factors that promote growth, protein synthesis; targets cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle cells
human growth hormone or somatostatin
27
ovaries initiate development of oocytes; tests stimulate testosterone production (hormone)
follicle stimulating hormone FSH
28
(hormone) ovaries stimulate ovulation; tests stimulate testosterone production
luteinizing hormone
29
long-term condition in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues get larger over time.
acramegaly
30
* decline in blood glucose concentration stimulates corticotropic cells in the anterior pitutiary to produce \_\_\_being with zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex
* targets liver cells causing glycogenolysis
* relaease of glucose into blood restores blood glucose levels
ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone
31
* causes liver cells to undergo glucogenesis
* causes adipose cells to undergo lipolysis
* cause muscle cells to breakdown proteins to amino acids
* response is to increase blood glucose levels
* supression of immune responses
* reduces stress
cortisol
32
syndrome :too much CRH, ACTH, cortisol
cushings syndrome
33
disease: too little CRH, ACTH, cortisol
addison's disease
34
* doesnt synthesize hormone, stores and releases hormones made by hypothalamus
* oxytocin
* ADH (vasopressin)
neurohypophysis
35
1. high blood osmotic pressure stimulates hypothalmic osmoreceptors
2. osmoeceptors activate the neurosecretory cells that syn and release ADH
3. nerve impules liberate ADHfrom axon terminals the posterior pituitary into bloodsteam
4. kidneys retain more water
5. low blood osmotic presuure inhibits hypolthalmaaic receopters
ADH regulation
36
* located inferior to the larynx
* 2 lobes connected by isthmus
* produce t3 and t4
* parafollicular cells or C cells produce calcitonin
thyroid gland
37
increased ___ hormones: increase oxygen use and basal metabolic rate; and inc in body temp
thyroid hormones
38
thyroid hormones use oxygen,lipid and glucose to fuel a faster production of ___ within cells in order to reduce stress
ATP
39
thryotropin is released from hypothalamus and tsh from anterior pituitary; situations that increase ATP demand also increase secrtion of\_\_\_ hormones
thyroid
40
1. low blood levels of t3 or low metabolic rate stimulate release of trh
2. trh carried by hypophyseal portal veins to adenohypophysis; stimulating release of tsh by thryotropins
3. tsh released into blood stimulates throid follicular cells
4. t3 and t4 released into blood by follicular cells
5. elevated t3 inhibits release of trh and tsh (negative feedback)
thyroid hormone regulation
41
* cretinism =stunted mental/physical growth
* goiter=enlargement of thyroid gland
* exophthalmia=protruding eyeballs
iodine deficiency disorders
42
* embedded in lobes of thyroid gland
* usually 2 pairs
* pth=regulator of Ca,Mg, and phosphate iions in blood
* increases number and activity of osteoclasts
* elevates bone resorption
parathyroid glands
43
1. high level of Ca in blood stimulates thyroid gland
2. calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, thus decreasing blood ca levels
3. low level of Ca in blood stimulates parathyroid gland cheif cells to release more pth
4. pth promotes release of Ca from bone extracellular matrix into blood and slows loss of Ca in urine, increasing Ca level
5. pth stimulates the kidneys to release caicitrol
6. calcitrol stimulates increased of absorption of Ca from foods increasing Ca level
calcium regulation
44
decrease of Ca \> chemical receptiors of parathyroid(afferent) \> PTH(control center) \> bone osteoclasts/kidney reabsorption(efferent) \> Ca increase
blood calcium homeostasis
45
inc of Ca \> chemical receptiors of thyroid(afferent) \> thryoid releases calcitonin(control center) \> bone osteoclasts/kidney excretion (efferent)\> Decrease in Ca
blood calcium homeostasis
46
* contains mineralcorticoids(affect mineral homeostasis) [aldosterone]
* glucocorticoids(affect glucose homeostasis) [cortisol]
* androgens(masculinzing effects) [DHEA in females]
adrenal cortex
47
* contains modified sympathetic ganglion of autonomic nervous system
* intensifies sympathetic responses
* epinephrine and norepinephrine
adernal medulla in the adrenal glands
48
chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortiolism, and hypoadrenalism causes
addison's disease
49
* endocrine and exocrine gland
* Roughly 99% of cells produce digestive enzymes
* Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
* Alpha or A cells secrete glucagon – raise blood sugar
* Beta or B cells secrete insulin – lower blood sugar
* Delta or D cells secrete somatostatin – inhibit both insulin and glucagon
* F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide – inhibit somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
pancreatic islets
50
1. hypoglycemia stimulates alpha cells to secrete
2. glucagon acts on liver cells for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
3. glucose released by heptocytes raises blood glucose levels to normal
4. if glucose cont to rise, hyperglycemia inhibits release of glucagon
5. hyperglycemia stim beta cells to secrete
6. insulin acts on body cells to speed gly...
7. blood glucose level falls
8. if blood cont to fall, hypoglycemia inhibits release of insulin
glucose/insulin regulation
51
produce gametes and hormones
gonads
52
* Produce two estrogens (estradiol and estrone) and progesterone
* With FSH and LH, regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, maintain female secondary sex characteristics
* Inhibin - inhibits FSH
* Relaxin - produced during pregnancy
ovaries
53
* Regulates sperm production
* Maintains male secondary sex characteristics
* Inhibin inhibits FSH
* produces testosterone
testes
54
* attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at midline
* masses of neuroglia and pinealocytes
* produces melatonin(more during darkness)
pineal gland
55
located behind sternum btwn the lungs
* produces thymosin, thymic humoral factor, thmic factor, thymopoietin
* all involved in t cell maturation
56
Prolonged exposure to ___ can result in wasting of muscles, suppression of immune system, ulceration of GI tract, and failure of pancreatic beta cells
cortisol
57
A&P2
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