Ch2

Question 1

Turnover

Answer 1

time for water reservoir to renew

• atmosphere 9days
• river 12-20 days
• lake - days-centuries
• oceans 3100 years

Question 2

Life in water

Answer 2

Density higher = structure for soft bodied organisms

Buoyancy higher = organisms use lipids/air sacs to stay under pressure

Viscosity higher = more energy to move

Light lower = photosynthesis restricted

Heat conduction higher = difficult to maintain body temp above surrounding temp

Specific heat higher = more stable

Question 3

Littoral zone

Answer 3

Littoral zone = intertidal shallow zone

Question 4

Ocean Zone

Answer 4

• epipelagic = 0:200m
• mesophelagic = 200-1000m
• bathypelagic = 1000-4000m
• abyssal = 4000-6000m
• hadal = 6000m (O2 levels higher, fewer organisms)

Question 5

Benthic

Answer 5

Habitat on bottom of ocean

Question 6

Pelagic

Answer 6

Habitat off bottom of ocean

Question 7

Ocean Light

Answer 7

80% absorbed in first 10m

• very little penetrates past 600m
• leaves 3400m deep = black water

Question 8

Neritic zone

Answer 8

Neritic zone = coast margin of continental shelf (200m deep)

Question 9

Ocean Temp

Answer 9

increases velocity of molecules so density decreases with warm water on top and cool water below

• thermocline: rapid temperature change with depth causing thermal stratification

Question 10

Ocean water movement

Answer 10

• always mpving
• deep water current make upwellings

Question 11

Ocean Salinity

Answer 11

Decreases close to the equator due to precipitation>Evaporation

• increases in subtropics
• uniform proportions of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+)

Question 12

Ocean oxygen

Answer 12

increase near surface, decrease to 1000m

increase past 1000m (sometime)

Question 13

Ocean Biology

Answer 13

Photosynthetic organisms are epipelagic (on top layer)
i. photoplankton/zooplankton
ii. 1/4 of total photosynthesis globally

When no light present organisms will chemosynthesize

Question 14

Human influences on oceans

Answer 14

• overharvesting
• dumping
• plastic

Question 15

Coral reefs

Answer 15

in shallow marine waters
- fringing reef = corals growing around young islands from a fringing reef

• barrier reef = as island subsides. corals continue to grow upward and outward towards the sea forming a barrier
• atoll = as island subsides, coral growth will from an atoll on top of island when it has subdivided completely below sea level

Question 16

Reefs and kelp beds

Answer 16

• sufficient light
• limited by temp
• currents bring o2 and nutrients and remove waste = flushing

Question 17

Waves and ties of marine shores/intertidal

Answer 17

waves and tides most important

• semidiurnal = 2 high tides and 2 low tides
• diurnal = 1 high tide and 1 low tide

Question 18

Marine shores/Intertidal

Answer 18

• where amphibious life adapted
• tolerance to air exposure causes zonation
• accessibility increasing = exploitation inceases

Question 19

Estuaries

Answer 19

river to sea

Question 20

salt marshes/mangroves

Answer 20

low costs

salt marsh located in northern regions

mangroves located in tropical/subtropical southern regions

Question 21

Estuaries/salt marshes/mangroves characteristics

Answer 21

• tides and river
• organisms, nutrients, O2
• remove waste
• vulnerable

Question 22

Salt marshes and mangroves fluctuations

Answer 22

fluctuations strong and complex for:
- light, temp, O2
- salinity gradient (fresh water will sit on top of salt water until it mixes)
- tides
- primary production

Question 23

Endemic species

Answer 23

native and only found in one particular area

Question 24

River and stream - light, water movement, temp

Answer 24

Light
- surface
- water column
Water movement
- cause erosion and suspended sediments
Temperature
- similar to water temp

Question 25

River and stream - salinity and O2

Answer 25

Salinity - leaching in the basin Oxygen - inversely correlated with temp - not limiting

Question 26

Lentic waters

Answer 26

= lakes/water that doesn't move Surface water: - great lakes = 20% - lake baikal = 20% - rift lakes of Africa = 20%

Question 27

Lake structure

Answer 27

- Littoral zone - Limnetic zone - Epilimnion: warm surface layer - Metalimnion zone: temp changes with depth; prevents nutrient exchange with hypolimnion - Hypolimnion: cold dark waters

Question 28

Lakes - light, temp water movement

Answer 28

Light - colour: light absorbtion and biological activity Temp - thermal stratification w/ warming - seasonal temp changes Summer = stratification seperated by metalimnion Fall = overturn (circulation of water temps) Winter = ice on top, 4C on bottom with little circulation Spring = overturn Water movement - caused by wind

Question 29

Lakes - salinity and O2

Answer 29

Salinity - more variable than ocean, mean = 0.120ppt-200ppt Oxygen - Oligotrophic: production decreases and oxygen increases (poor in food) - eutrophic: production increases, and oxygen decreases (lots of food)

Question 30

Wetlands

Answer 30

Land that is saturated with water - to promote wetland/aquatic processes there must be poorly drained soil - hydrophytic vegetation (can cause various biological activity) 1. Bogs 2. Fen 3. Swamp 4. Marsh 5. Shallow water wetland

Question 31

Bogs/fens

Answer 31

40cm water + peat - located mainly in northern hemisphere - no salinity - anerobic and acidity inhibit decomp bogs = precipitation only, very acidic (<4.5) fens = precipitation and GW/SW, alkaline but variable (4.5-9.0)

Question 32

Peatland

Answer 32

- no salinity - pH