whats a chiral carbon atom
has four different groups attached to it
is an optical isomer superimposible or not
no its nonesuperimposible
what do optically active isomers do to polarised light
the enantiomers both rotate it but in opposite directions
whats a racemate ( or racemic mixture)
it contains equal quantities of each enantiomer of an optically active compound
which can be oxidised for easily ketones or aldehydes
aldehydes to procudct carboxylic acid
explain two reactions that indicate weather this is a aldehyde
TOLLENS REAGENT
- silver nitrate is dissolved in aqueous ammonia.
- when heated in test tube with aldehyde, Ag+ ions in tollens reagent are reduced to Ag atoms and a silver mirror forms.
FEHLINGS SOLUTION
-its blue solution with copper ions dissolved in sodium hydroxide.
- when heated with aldehyde copper ions are reduced to a brick-red percipitate of copper oxide
how do u reduce aldehydes and ketones back into alcohols
using a reducing agent ((NaBH4) dissolved in water and methanol)
why is Potassium Cyanide so dangerous and what are some precautions
cuz its an irritant and is dangerous if ingested or inhaled. it can react with moisture to make HCN which is a highly toxic gas sooo to prevent risks where gloves and safetly goggles, labcoat and use it in fume cupboard,.
why are carboxylic acids weak acids
cause they in water they partially dissociate into carboxylate ions and H+ ions
when carboxylic acids react with carbonates what do they form
Salt, CO2, and H20
how do yo name an ester
look at the alkyl group that comes from the alcohol and add the -yl
snd see the part that came from the carboxylic and put -oate
what are esters used for
Perfume, Food flavourings, Solvents and Plasticisers
when you hydrolysis an ester what forms and how do u do it
(acid hydrolysis)
an acid and alcohol are formed
by reacting ester with water
you reflux the ester with dilute acid, (HCl or Sulphuric)
when you hydrolysis an ester what happens and how do u do it
(base hydrolysis)
an Carboxylate ion and alcohol are formed
by reacting ester with hydroxide ion
you reflux the ester with dilute alkali (NaOH)
whats the difference between animal fats and Vegetable oils and what are they in room temp
Animal fats are mainly saturated hydrocarbon chains, they are long chains and have high VDW forces between them. (solid at room temp)
Vegetable oils have unsaturated hydrocarbon chains, the double bonds mean they are bent and done pack together. Decreasing VDW fores (liquid at room temp)
what happens when u hydrolyse vegetable oils and animal fats and how
heating them up with NaOH to produce SOAP
Vegetable oils are good vehicle fuel but you cant burn them directly, why and how
the oil must be converted to biodiesel , by reacting the oils with methanol using KOH as a catalyst
the mixture of methyl esters if fatty acids is Biodiesel
whats the functional group for Acyl chlorides and whats the suffix
-COCl -oyl chloride
what kind of reactions does it make when acyl chlorides are reacted with COLD WATER or ALCOHOLS and what do they produce
WATER – The reaction is Vigorous and it makes a carboxylic acid
ALCOHOLS – The reaction is Vigorous and it makes an ester
what kind of reactions does it make when acyl chlorides are reacted with AMMONIA or PRIMARY AMINES and what do they produce
AMMONIA - the reaction is Violent and it produces an amide
PRIMARY ALCOHOLS - the reaction is violent and it produces an N-substituted amide
what happens when Cl is substituted by an oxygen or nitrogen group
misty fumes of hydrogen chloride are given off
what happens when u react acid anhydrides with cold water, alcohol, ammonia, and primary amines
the same as acyl chlorides but instead of forming HCI u form Carboxylic acids and its reaction is less vigorous
what type of mechanism is acyl chlorides
nucleophillic addition elimination
how is aspirin made
its made by reacting salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride
