Ch.3

Question 1

Reasons to make food selection beside health concern

Answer 1

1. Personal preference
2. Habit and tradition
3. Social interactions
4. Convenience and economy
5. Positive and negative experience
6. Emotional comfort
7. Image and experience

Question 2

Personal preference

Answer 2

1.Tastiness
Sugar and always popular

2. High fat foodstuffs

Question 3

Habit and tradition

Answer 3

1. People eating the foods they grew up eating
2. Every country has its own typical foods or ways of food combination
3. Eating the same kind of food time to time without thinking can be comforting

Question 4

Social interaction

Answer 4

Food serves in good time for people to enjoy gathering or any social events

Question 5

Convenience and economy

Answer 5

1. High popularity of ready to serve food
   - > easy to prepare
   - > reasonable price

E.g. Microwave oven food, fast food, delivery food, canned food

Question 6

Positive and negative association

Answer 6

1. Food could relate to happy experience

2. Food could be a tool for rewards or punishment when teaching child

Question 7

Emotional comfort

Answer 7

1. To relieve boredom, depression or to calm anxiety
   E.g. Chocolate may make you feel better
2. To speed up a person’s brain activity to make one feels more alert
   E.g. Drivers drinking red bull for long distance travelling

Question 8

Image and experience

Answer 8

1. People on diet for better weight control or physical appearance
2. People choosing food as a sense of privilege or to feel good
   E.g. Starbucks coffee

Question 9

Relationship between diet and socioeconomic status

Answer 9

1. Diet quality is affected not only by age and sex, but also by occupation, education and income levels

Question 10

The economic of food choice

Answer 10

1. Lack of money
   - ability to buy better food
   - lack of proper cooking facilities
   - increase the need to eat convenient food ( higher energy density)
2. Logistical obstacles
   - lack of transportation for better food
3. Education level
   - lack of knowledge on a wise food choice

Question 11

How social inequities might affect access to healthy foods

Answer 11

1. Food price and diet costs
   - > Food costs are a barrier to the adoption. Of nutrient-dense diets, especially by the lower income group

-> lean meats, fish or fresh fruit and vegetables are far more costly per calories than are added sugars and added fat

2. Food access and the food environment
   - > ease of access to a supermarket
3. Education and culture
   - > children influenced by parent’s nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices

Question 12

Socioeconomic status and selections in different food group (Grain group)

Answer 12

1. The consumption of whole grains was associated with higher SES
2. The consumption of refined cereals ( white bread), pasta, and rice was associated with lower SES

Question 13

Socioeconomic status and selections in different food groups ( fruits and vegetable group)

Answer 13

1. Higher SES group more likely to consume vegetables and fruit in higher quantities and in greater variety
2. Fiber intake decreased and decreasing level of occupation in men and women

Question 14

Socioeconomic status and selections in different food groups (meat group)

Answer 14

1. Higher SES groups : more consumption of lean meats , fish and other seafood
2. Lower SES groups: larger quantities of fatty meats instead of the recommended lean meat items

Question 15

Socioeconomic status and selections in different food groups ( some other types of important nutrients)

Answer 15

1. Calcium decreased within decreasing occupational level in men and with decreasing education in women
2. Vitamin D intake decreased decreasing educational and occupational level, in men and women, was strongly associated with decreasing vitamin D intake
3. Vitamin A intake decreased with decreasing education only among men
4. More n high levels of occupation there was a decrease in iron intake with decreasing educational levels in men.