ch4

Question 1

Neurotropins (e.g., nerve growth factor)

Answer 1

Chemicals that promote the survival and activity of neurons

Question 2

Nerve growth factor

Answer 2

is a type of protein released by muscles that promotes the survival and growth of axons

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

Strands of genes (come in pairs)

Question 4

Sex chromosome differentiation for female vs. Male

Answer 4

In mammals, the sex chromosomes are designated X & Y

Question 5

Females

Answer 5

have two chromosomes XX

Question 6

Males

Answer 6

have an X and Y chromosome

Question 7

Sex limited genes

Answer 7

are genes that are present in both sexes but mainly have an effect on one sex (chest hair, breast size)

Question 8

Se linked genes

Answer 8

usually refer to x-linked genes, ex red-green color deficiency

Question 9

Autosomal vs. sex-linked genes

Answer 9

Autosomal genes: all other genes except for sex-linked genes

Question 10

Sex linked genes

Answer 10

genes located on the sex chromosomes

Question 11

Epigenetics

Answer 11

A field that is concerned with changes in gene expression without the modification of the DNA sequence

Question 12

Genes

Answer 12

do not directly produce behaviors

Question 13

Genes produce proteins

Answer 13

that increase the probability that a behavior will develop under certain circumstances

Question 14

DNA methylation

Answer 14

– turn it on or off(gene)

Question 15

Histone modification

Answer 15

– histones undergo divergent epigenetic changes

Question 16

What is a gene, and how does it relate to chromosomes?

Answer 16

Genes are units of heredity that maintain their structural identify from one generation to another; 1 gene = enough DNA to code for one protein

Question 17

Genes change

Answer 17

in several ways

Question 18

Mutation

Answer 18

a heritable change in a DNA molecule

Question 19

Microdeletion

Answer 19

part of a chromosome that might appear once or twice

Question 20

Genes can have an indirect effect

Question 21

DNA

Answer 21

Deoxyribonucleic

Question 22

Double stranded molecule

Answer 22

serves as template for RNA

Question 23

RNA

Answer 23

Ribonucleic

Question 24

Single stranded chemical

Answer 24

codes for protein

Question 25

Proliferation

Answer 25

– production of new cells/neurons in the brain primarily occurring in early life

Question 26

Early in development

Answer 26

the cells lining the ventricles divide

Question 27

Far more neurons

Answer 27

are produced than will ultimately survive

Question 28

Synaptogenesis

Answer 28

– the final stage of neural development- the formation of the synapses between neurons

Question 29

Occurs throughout the life

Answer 29

as neurons are constantly forming new connections and discarding old ones

Question 30

Slows significantly

Answer 30

later in the lifetime

Question 31

Migration

Answer 31

The movement of the newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations

Question 32

Some do not reach their destinations

Answer 32

until adulthood

Question 33

Occurs in a variety of directions

Answer 33

throughout the brain

Question 34

Chemicals known as chemokines and immunoglobulins

Answer 34

guide neuron migration

Question 35

Differentiation

Answer 35

The forming of the axon and dendrites that gives the neuron its distinctive shape