Psyc 215 > Ch.4: Perceiving Persons > Flashcards

Ch.4: Perceiving Persons Flashcards

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1
Q

social perception

A

aspects of persons, situations, and behavior that guide initial observations

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2
Q

elements of social perception

A

indirect cues

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3
Q

janine willis and alexander todorov study

A

after showing college students photographs of unfamiliar faces for very little time, they asked the students to judge the faces. Their ratings were quick and highly correlated with observers who had not been limited

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4
Q

study on old generation names

A

fictional characters with “old generation” names were judged to be less popular and less intelligent than those with younger generation names

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5
Q

physiognomy

A

people read a character from faces

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6
Q

Alexander Todorov study

A

people are quick to perceive unfamiliar faces as more or less trustworthy and we do so by focusing on features that resemble the expressions of happiness and anger

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7
Q

tudy by Ran Hassin and Yaacov Trope

A

people prejudge others in photographs as kind hearted rather than mean spirited based on features

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8
Q

scripts allow us to

A

anticipate outcomes

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9
Q

Angela Leung and Dov Cohen study

A

social scripts can be found in cultures where a greater value is placed on face and dignity

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10
Q

John Pryor and Thomas Merluzzi study finding

A

those with extensive dating experience could organize the statements quicker than those with less dating experience

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11
Q

what is the 1st step in social perception

A

recognizing what someone is doing at a given moment

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12
Q

Darren Newtson study

A

some perceivers break the behavior stream into a large number of fine units while others break it into a small number of gross units

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13
Q

mind perception

A

process by which people attribute human-like mental states to various animate and inanimate objects

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14
Q

Carey Morewedge study

A

people see inner qualities of mind in target objects that resemble humans in their speed of movement

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15
Q

Aidan Waytz and Nocholas Epley study

A

people who were asked to reflect on someone in their lives they are close with were less likely to attribute humanizing mental qualities to other people

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16
Q

who came up with perceiving the mind across 2 dimensions

A

Heather Gray

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17
Q

2 dimensions to perceive the mind

A

agency and experience

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18
Q

Heather Gray study

A

online survey in which they presented respondents with an array of human and nonhuman characters and asked them to rate the extent to which each character had various mental capacities and the more mind a character was attributed, the more they valued it

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19
Q

Juliana Schroeder study

A

research participants read transcripts in which strangers explain their views on a controversial issue and when they disagreed with the speaker’s opinion, they reduced the person’s intelligence and humanity. When participants listened to audio recordings of these same speakers making the same arguments were more positive in their impressions

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20
Q

Hillary Elfenbein and Nalini Ambady study

A

More exposure was associated with greater accuracy

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21
Q

Anger superiority effect

A

people are quicker to spot and slower to look away from angry faces in a crowd than faces with neutral, nonthreatening emotions

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22
Q

who came up with anger superiority effect

A

Christine and Ranald Hansen

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23
Q

insula of brain

A

activated not only when participants sniffed the disgusting odor but also when they watched others sniffing it

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24
Q

nora murphy study

A

see if very short observations of someone’s behavior could tell us something accurate about that person and they do

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25
paul ekman and wallace friesan study
showed a series of films (some pleasant and others disgusting) to female nurses. Hidden cameras. Observers who watched tapes that focused on the body were better at detecting deception than were those who saw tapes focused on the face
26
hartwig and bond study
low level of detectability of deception didn’t differ much regardless of who the liar was, their motivation, and emotin levels
27
inner dispositions
stable characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, and abilities used to predict behavior
28
attributions
explanations we come up with to explain other people
29
attribution theorists
don’t want to determine the true causes of such an event, but rather understand people’s perceptions of causality
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correspondent inference theory
how we decide whether someone's behavior reflects their true personality or character
33
who came up with correspondent inference theory
edward jones
34
3 factors of making an inference
degree of choice, expectedness of behavior, and intended effects or consequences of someone's behavior
35
how did edward jones and keith davis think humans try to understand each other
observing and analyzing behavior
36
kelley's covariation theory
in order for something to be the cause of a behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when it doesn’t
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types of covariation info
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
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consensus info
to see how different people react to the same stimulus
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distinctiveness info
to see how the same person reacts to different stimuli
40
consistency
to see what happens to the behavior at another time when the person and stimulus both remain the same
41
availability heuristic
tendency to judge how common or likely something is based on how easily examples come to mind
42
what 2 biases produce the availability heuristic
false-consensus effect and base -rate fallacy
43
false consensus effect
overestimating how much others share one’s own beliefs, traits, or behaviors
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base-rate fallacy
ignore the overall probability and rely too much on descriptions or stereotypes
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counterfactual thinking
mentally simulating alternative outcomes that did not happen that impact people’s judgements
46
fundamental attribution errors
we assume people act a certain way because of who they are, instead of considering the situation they are in
47
sapir-whorf hypothesis
structure of a language influences how its speakers conceptualize reality
48
what 2 cultural orientations help explain the differences in how people explain each other's behavior
individualism and collectivism
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what does these 2 cultural orientations affect
fundamental attribution errors
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where is fundamental attribution error most common
western cultures
51
relational mobility
how much freedom people in a society have to form new relationships and leave old ones
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what does high relational mobility cultures lead people to do
make more dispositional attributions
53
dispositional attributions
explaining behavior in terms of personality rather than context
54
how do religious beliefs influence attribution
Protestants in the U.S. show more fundamental attribution error than Catholics
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how does social class influence attribution
people in higher classes are more likely to explain behavior using internal traits, partly because they experience more control in life
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what do western cultures tend to focus on/emphasize
focal objects
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what do east asian cultures tend to focus on or emphasize
context surrounding those individuals
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motivational biases
distortions in social perception caused by people’s desires, needs, goals, and preferences
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wishful seeing
tendency to perceive what we want to see rather than what is objectively there
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who did research on motivation influencing basic visual perception
Balcetis and Dunning
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self-serving bias
tendency to take credit for successes but blame failures on external factors
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what produces the self-serving bias
motivation to maintain self-esteem
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how do political beliefs shape how people explain social problems
Conservatives more often blame individuals and Liberals more often blame social systems
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what happens when people are motivated by ideology
they adjust their attributions and make situational explanations when they fit their political views
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truly fundamental attribution error
people suffer from an illusion of objectivity where they believe that one’s own views are unbiased and correct, while others who disagree are mistaken
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who came up with truly fundamental attribution error
Lee Ross
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belief in a just world
assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
68
what does Lerner say belief in a just world does
protects people from feeling vulnerable but can lead to victim-blaming when observers cannot help someone who is suffering
69
impression formation
people must integrate multiple pieces of information like personality traits into an overall judgment
70
what are the 2 models for impression formation
summation and averaging models
71
summation model
the more positive traits a person has, the better the impression
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averaging model
overall impression depends on the average positivity of the traits
73
who quantified impressions
Norman Anderson
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Norman Anderson study
tested whether people followed summation or averaging models by comparing reactions 2 very positive traits, 2 very positive and 2 moderately positive, 2 very negative, 2 very negative plus 2 moderately negative and found support for averaging model
75
information integration theory
impressions are formed by combining characteristics of the perceiver with a weighted average of the target’s traits
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what are 3 sources of deviations in impression formation
perceiver characteristics, target characteristics, and context and order of information
77
priming
activation of certain concepts in memory that makes them more accessible and influences judgments and behavior
78
Which of the big 5 is easiest for observers to agree on
extraversion
79
trait negativity bias
tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily in impressions than positive information
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innuendo effect
when someone only mentions positive qualities in one area, which makes people assume the person is bad in another area that wasn’t mentioned
81
stigma by association
a person is judged negatively or positively based on who they are seen with, even by chance
82
implicit personality theories
a mental network of beliefs about how traits go together
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what are 2 traits that drastically change impressions
warm and cold
84
primacy effect
tendency for information learned first to influence impressions more than later information
85
what are 2 explanations for the primacy effect
people pay less attention after forming an impression and change-of-meaning hypothesis
86
change of meaning hypothesis
later traits are interpreted in light of the first impression
87
when do people update impressions
motivated, not rushed, new info is credible, and info is extremely negative and morally diagnostic
88
who thinks morality is the most important component of warmth-related judgements
goeffrey goodwin
89
what dominates social perception
moral evaluation
90
Helzer study
created a moral character questionnaire and their results showed high agreement
91
confirmation biases
tendencies to interpret, seek, and create information in ways that verify existing beliefs
92
Belief perseverance
tendency to cling to first impressions even when later evidence should change their minds
93
Anderson study
participants continued believing conclusions about firefighters and risk-taking even after being told the data were fabricated
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Greitemeyer study
students continued to believe a scientific claim even after being informed the article had been retracted due to falsified data.
95
how to reduce belief perserverence
ask people to consider alternative explanations or competing theories
96
self-fulfilling prophecy
a perceiver’s expectation about another person leads that person to behave in ways that confirm the original expectation
97
Robert Merton story
a false rumor caused depositors to withdraw money, which ultimately made the bank collapse, turning belief into reality
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pygmalion effect
expectations shape performance
99
rosenthal and jacobsen study
Rosenthal and Jacobson study: Teachers were told that randomly chosen students were about to show rapid intellectual growth. Months later, those students scored higher on IQ tests and were rated more positively by teachers
100
how to break the cycle of self-fulfilling processes
self-affirmation can reduce insecurity
101
behavioral confirmation
when a target person’s behavior comes to match the perceiver’s expectations.
102
what are 2 ways to stop a self-fulfilling prophecy
trying to be fair or target realize perceivers expectations and purposely contradicts
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104
what type of perceiver are more likely to create prophecies
high power
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