Ch.5

Question 1

Opportunities (employment, friendships)
Expectancies (self-fulfilling prophecies)

Answer 1

consequences of everyday judgments of personality

Question 2

Answer from constructivism:
none; personality is a social construction (only construction of reality exists, we cannot assess accuracy)

Answer from critical realism: all information that might be helpful (not all interpretations of reality are correct)

Answer 2

What criteria can be used to assess accuracy?

Question 3

• convergent validation (if something has several characteristics of x, it is likely to be x)
• interjudge agreement (agreement of different sources)
• behavioural prediction and predictive validity

Answer 3

Criteria for accuracy of personality judgment

Question 4

most automatic and can surprisingly be accurate, and some validity based on the face. Extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness can be determined by this

Answer 4

characteristics of first impressions

Question 5

1. The Good Judge
2. The Good Target
3. The Good Trait
4. The Good Information

Answer 5

Four Moderator Variables of accurate personality judgment

Question 6

For males: extraverted, well adjusted, unconcerned with what others think of them
For females: open, wide range of interests, value independence

• High in communion
• Emphasize interpersonal relationships
• Judge others favorably
• Socially skilled, agreeable, adjusted, and high empathic concern
• Attributionally complex
• Open, positive, expressive,
  and socially skilled
• Describe others in favorable terms
• Psychologically well adjusted
• High social sensitivity
• Low on dark triad traits
• Dispositional intelligence
• Motivation – mixed results

Answer 6

traits of the good judge

Question 7

• Stable, well-organized, and consistent behavior
• Psychologically well adjusted
• Extraverted, agreeable
• Related to psychological health and happiness

Answer 7

traits of the good target

Question 8

• Easy to observe, highly visible
• Evidence against the idea that peer judgments are socially constructed and agreement is based on communication

Answer 8

traits of the good trait

Question 9

• more information
• The acquaintanceship (judgments will be more accurate with extended acquaintanceship) effect and a boundary
• quality
• weak situations determine good information (less controlled situations)

Answer 9

traits of good information

Question 10

Target - relevance - availability - detection - utilization - Judge

Answer 10

the realistic accuracy model (RAM)

Question 11

• a hallmark of mental health
• process of gaining accurate self-knowledge through RAM stages

Answer 11

accurate self-knowledge

Question 12

we know our emotional experiences better than others…

Answer 12

…and others know our behaviour better than we do. Paying attention to our own behaviour can be difficult.

Question 13

• introspection
• seek-feedback
• observe your own behaviour

Answer 13

Improving Self-Knowledge

Question 14

Why does accuracy matter?

Answer 14

• we are constantly being judged by others and judgments of personality by ourselves and ordinary people are more frequent than psychologists. understanding others will lead to better interactions and decisions