Ch.5: Integumentary System Flashcards by Leah Gurfinkel

List the accessory structures of the integumentary system (4)

Hair, hair follicles, nails, exocrine glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What classification of epithelia is the epidermis?

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epithelial is avascular, what does this mean?

NO blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Would you bleed if you received a papercut that penetrated down to the stratum basale?

You would NOT bleed. Epethelial layer is avascular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How deep must a cut on the skin be for the skin to bleed?

It must reach the connective tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the name of the epithelial cells that are most abundant in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes: Main cells in epidermis, Keratin –> tough, fibrous protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the differences between thick and thin skin?

Thick skin:
- Covers palms of hands & soles of feet
- 5 layers in epidermis

Thin skin:
- Covers most of body
- 4 layers in the epidermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial for both thick skin:

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial for both thin skin:

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in “thick” skin? Where on the body would you find it?

Stratum lucidum
- found on palms of hands & soles of feet
- appears as “glassy” layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of dermal papillae and epidermal ridges?

Dermal papillae: Interlock w/ Epidermal ridges to:
- increase surface area for attachment btwn epidermis & dermis

Epidermal ridges: follows patterns of dermal papillae to:
- increase friction (palms & soles)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

Anchor epithelial cells to basement membrane
Attaches cells to extracellular structures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The stratum basale contains basal cells. What are basal cells?

Basal cells (germinative cells)
- Stem cells that divide to give rise to new keratinocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which epidermal layer contains immune called dendritic cells, also known as Langerhans cells?

Dendritic Cells (Langerhans)
- Defend against microorganisms & skin cancers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which epidermal layer has the most layers of cells?

Stratum corneum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between insensible vs. sensible perspiration?

Insensible perspiration:
- Loss of water which diffuses across the stratum corneum & evaporates

Sensible perspiration:
- Water loss by excretion from sweat glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Epidermal Growth Factor Function (EGF)?

Peptide growth factor which causes epithelial growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List four functions of epidermal growth factor in the integumentary system:

Promotes division of basal cells
Accelerates keratin production

Stimulates:
- Epidermal development & repair
- Secretions from epithelial glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the two layers of the dermis. Which one is superficial, and which one is deep?

Papillary Layer –> Superficial

Reticular Layer –> Deeper

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define dermatitis

Inflammation of the dermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which two types of fibers give the dermis strength and elasticity?

Collagen Fibers –> strength

Elastic Fibers –> elasticity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

You pinch the skin on a patient’s hand and notice that it remains peaked. What does this suggest?

Skin Turgor –> strength & flexibility of skin because of water content

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is there a greater chance of scarring if you make a cut parallel to or at right angles to a tension (cleavage) line? Parallel vs. Perpendicular

Parallel Cut to tension lines:
- heals well

Perpendicular cut to tension lines
- pulls open & scars more

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which two plexuses supply blood to the dermis? Which one is deep and which one is superficial?

Cutaneous plexus
- deep network of vessel

Sub-papillary plexus
- Superficial network of vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1) In relation to the skin, where is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) located?

Connects dermis to underlying tissues

What tissue is the primary component of the hypodermis?

Adipose tissue

What characteristics make subcutaneous injections a useful and safe method of administering drugs?

- Few capillaries - No vital organs - minimal risk - large veins allow gradual absorption into blood stream

Excessive abdominal fat called central adiposity is strongly correlated with which disease?

Cardiovascular disease

Name two pigments that contribute to skin color. Which is the primary determinant of skin color?

Carotene - orange/yellow pigment Melanin - brown/red pigment

The differences in skin coloration among individuals is caused by what?

- Number of Melanocytes - Rate of melanocyte production - Size of melanosomes

What is albinism?

Deficiency in melanin

How do melanocytes respond to ultraviolet light exposure?

Melanin synthesis increases

What is the name of the pigment obtained from orange-colored vegetables. Besides skin color, what can this pigment be converted to?

Carotene - can be converted to Vitamin A

Besides melanin and carotene, what other factor determines skin’s coloration? What is the normal function of this molecule?

Dermal circulation - Normally delivers oxygen and nutrients to skin cells + get rid of waste

What is Cyanosis? Describe the skin changes and briefly explain why they occur for the following:

- Bluish color - Reduction in blood supply & oxygen levels

What is Jaundice? Describe the skin changes and briefly explain why they occur for the following:

- Liver unable to excrete bile: - Yellow pigment builds in body

What is a tumor of the pituitary gland? Describe the skin changes and briefly explain why they occur for the following:

- Caused by melanocyte-stimulating hormone - bronzed or tan color

What is Addison's Disease? Describe the skin changes and briefly explain why they occur for the following:

- Pituitary gland releases excess ACTH - Darkened skin

What is Vitiligo? Describe the skin changes and briefly explain why they occur for the following:

- Autoimmune condition - Loss of melanocytes results in white patches

The liver converts cholecalciferol into intermediary products used by the kidneys to produce the hormone calcitriol. What is the function of calcitriol?

Calcitriol - Essential for absorption of calcium + phosphate ions by small intestine

What vitamin, also known as cholecalciferol, is produced by exposure to UV radiation from sunlight?

Vitamin D3

What disease is defined by vitamin D3 deficiency resulting in abnormally weak and flexible bones

Rickets

What is a precancerous scaly area on the skin called?

Actinic keratosis

List three types of skin cancer. Which is the most dangerous form?

- Basal cell cercinoma - Squamous cell carcinomas - Malignant melanomas (most dangerous)

What do the letters in the mnemonic “ABCDE” stand for?

A – Asymmetry B – Border C – Color D – Diameter E - Evolving

Which type of skin cancer is assessed for using the ABCDE mnemonic?

Melanoma

Which structural protein is found in hair?

Keratin

Hair is produced within which organ?

Skin/Integument

What networks allow us to feel a single hair moving on our body? What is the network made of?

Root hair plexus - Made of sensory nerve endings

Name the muscle that produces “goose bumps”?

Arrector pili muscle - involuntary

From superficial to deep, name the three layers of the hair.

Cuticle – surface layer Cortex – intermediate layer Medulla – central core

Name the structure at the base of the hair follicle where hair production begins.

Hair bulb

What is the function of basal cells in the hair matrix?

Produce hair cells

Why can hair be analyzed for disorders such as lead poisoning? (ie: how did the lead get there?)

Hair absorbs nutrients + substances from bloodstream during its growth

What is the common name for decubitus ulcers?

Bedsores

What property of hair follicles determine if you have curly or straight hair?

Cross sectional shape of the hair shaft and its hair follicle Curly --> oval Straight --> round

Variations in which pigment determines your hair color?

Variations in Melanin production

What is sebum? Which glands produce sebum?

Sebum - Oily lipid secretion Sebaceous glands produce sebum

We learned about different exocrine gland secretion types in Chapter 4. What kind of exocrine glands are sebaceous glands?

Holocrine glands

What is the difference between sebaceous glands and sebaceous follicles?

Sebaceous glands (oil glands) - Produce sebum into hair follicles Sebaceous follicles - Discharge sebum directly onto surface of skin

Secretions from which type of sweat glands cause body odor?

Apocrine sweat glands

What type of sweat glands are responsible for sensible perspiration?

Eccrine(merocrine) sweat glands

What is cerumen? Which glands produce it?

Cerumen is earwax Ceremonious glands produce it

What type of homeostatic feedback mechanism is used during thermoregulation?

Negative feedback mechanism

Which structural protein is found in nails?

Keratin

The hyponychium and eponychium are associated with which accessory structure of the integumentary system?

Nails Hyponychium - Thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge Eponychium (cuticle) - Stratum corneum of nail root extends over exposed nail

What is the common name for eponychium?

Cuticle

Where does nail growth occur?

Nail root

List the four phases of integument repair and briefly describe each.

1. Inflammatory Phase - Bleeding/swelling - Mast cells trigger inflammation 2. Migration Phase - Scab stabilizes and protects the area - Granulation tissue is formed by the blood clot of the scab, fibtoblasts & capillary network 3. Proliferation phase - Fibroblasts produce a collagen fiber meshwork - Epidermal cells migrate over collagen meshwork 4. Scarring phase - Formation of scar tissue complete repair - Scar tissue  less flexible, more fibers & fewer bl.vs

What is a keloid?

Dark skin producing excessive amounts of scar tissue

What layer of the integument must be reached for a tattoo to remain permanently?

The dermis

Which type of burns affect the surface of the epidermis and include most sunburns?

First degree burns

What are the characteristics of second-degree burns?

- Partial thickness burn - Epidermis + part of dermis burnt

What are full thickness burns? How are they treated?

Skin grafting

What is the rule of nines?

The surface area in adults is divided into multiples of 9 and then the damaged regions are totaled.

List three functions that are affected by burns that cover more than 20% of skin.

- fluid + Electrolyte balance - thermoregulation - protection from infection

Ch.5: Integumentary System Flashcards

(77 cards)