Ch6 Static Routes

Question 1

Router Learning Methods

Answer 1

1. Static

2. Dynamic

Question 2

Static Route Advantages (3)

Answer 2

1. Better security due to routes not being advertised
2. Use less bandwidth/cpu than dynamic routing.
3. Path of Static route is known; easier to troubleshoot

Question 3

Static Route Disadvantages (5)

Answer 3

1. Initial config and maintenance is time consuming
2. Config is prone to errors
3. Admin intervention is required to maintain changing route info
4. Doesn’t scale well with growing networks
5. Complete knowledge of entire network is required for proper use.

Question 4

Types of Static Routes (4)

Answer 4

1. Standard Static Route
2. Default Static Route
3. Summary Static Route
4. Floating Static Route

Question 5

Standard Static Route

Answer 5

Used when connecting to a specific remote network

Question 6

Default Static Route (4)

Answer 6

1. Route that identifies the gateway IP address to which the router sends all IP packets that it does not have a learned or static route for.
2. Matches all packets.
3. aka. Quad Zero Route
4. Creates Gateway of Last Resort

Question 7

Summary Static Route

Answer 7

Multiple routes that are summarized into one IP network address.

Question 8

When can Summary Static Routes be used (2)

Answer 8

1. When dest. networks are contiguous and can be summarized into one IP address.
2. Multiple static routes all use same exit interface or next-hop IP address

Question 9

Floating Static Route

Answer 9

1. Route used to provide back up routes to a primary static or dynamic route.
2. Sets higher Administrative Distance on Floating Static Route than on other routes. When normal route becomes unusable, routing defaults to floating static route.

Question 10

Configure Static IPv4 Static Route

Answer 10

ip route destination_network_address dest_subnet_mask {exit_interface | next_hop_ip_address}

Question 11

Next-Hop Static Route (2)

Answer 11

1. aka Recursive Route

2. Static Route that uses the next-hop IP address to determine where to send data to reach the destination network.

Question 12

Directly Connected Static Route (3)

Answer 12

1. Used prior to Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)
2. Uses exit interface to determine next hop.
3. Route is displayed as directly connected , but still has an AD of 1.

Question 13

Fully Specified Static Route (2)

Answer 13

1. Uses both next-hop IP address and exit interface.

2. Used in older pre-CEF IOSs

Question 14

Configure Fully Specified Static Route

Answer 14

ip route destination_IP_network_address dest_subnet_mask exit_interface next_hop_IP_address

Question 15

Methods to Verify Static Route (6)

Answer 15

1. ping and traceroute cmds
2. show ip route
3. show ip route static - displays static routes only
4. show ip route connected - shows direct connect routes only.
5. show ip route ip_address - shows route table information specific to the ip_address given.
6. show running-config | section ip route

Question 16

Configure Default Static Route

Answer 16

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {exit_inteface | next_hop_ip}

Question 17

Configure IPv6 Static Route (2)

Answer 17

1. ipv6 unicast-routing //enables ipv6 routing

2. ipv6 route dest_ipv6_address / prefix_length {exit_interface | next_hop_IPv6_address}

Question 18

Configure IPv6 Default Static Route (2)

Answer 18

1. ipv6 unicast-routing // if not already enabled

2. ipv6 route ::/0 {exit_interface | ipv6_next_hop_address}

Question 19

Classful Addressing

Answer 19

Breakdown of available IP addresses into Classes A through E.

Question 20

Class A Addresses (3)

Answer 20

1. 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
2. Default Subnet: 255.0.0.0
3. Large Organizations

Question 21

Class B Addresses (3)

Answer 21

1. 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
2. Default Subnet: 255.255.0.0
3. Medium to Large Organizations

Question 22

Class C Addresses (3)

Answer 22

1. 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
2. Default Subnet: 255.255.255.0
3. Small to Medium Organizations

Question 23

Class D Addresses (3)

Answer 23

1. 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
2. Default Subnet: non-defined.
3. Multicast Addresses

Question 24

Class E Addresses (3)

Answer 24

1. 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
2. Default Subnet: non-defined
3. Experimental / Reserved

Question 25

Private Address Ranges (3)

Answer 25

1. ) 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 2. ) 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 3. ) 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Question 26

CIDR (3)

Answer 26

1. ) Classless Inter-Domain Routing 2. ) Allows creation of subnets not tied to Class License 3. ) Allows route summarization / supernetting.

Question 27

route summarization (2)

Answer 27

1. ) aka route aggregation | 2. ) multiple static routes are summarized into a single route / ip network address.

Question 28

supernet (2)

Answer 28

1. ) When route summarization mask is a smaller value than the default traditional classful subnet mask. 2. ) Supernets are always route summaries but route summaries are not always supernets.

Question 29

Summarize IPv4 Static Routes (4)

Answer 29

1. ) Translate network addresses to binary form. 2. ) Count number of far left matching bits; these become the prefix length/subnet mask. 3. ) Copy matching bits from all the addresses from step 2 into a new IP network address add 0's after matching bits. 4. ) Make sure to match all matching bits not just 1's.

Question 30

Classless Routing Protocols (3)

Answer 30

1. ) RIPv2 2. ) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 3. ) Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Question 31

Summarizing IPv6 Static Routes (5)

Answer 31

1. ) Convert IPv6 addresses to binary. (best to start with the address where a change occurs) 2. ) Count far left matching bits; these become prefix length. 3. ) Copy matching bits from all addresses from step 2 into a new binary string representing the IPv6 address. 4. ) Convert binary into hex (4 bits = 1 hex digit). 5. ) Uses same types of static addresses (next-hop, fully, defined, exit interface, etc) as IPv4.

Question 32

Common Administrative Distances (5)

Answer 32

1. ) EIGRP : 90 2. ) IGRP: 100 3. ) OSPF: 110 4. ) IS-IS: 115 5. ) RIP: 120

Question 33

Configure Static Floating Route

Answer 33

ip route dest_ip_address subnet_mask {exit_interface | next_hop_ip} administrative_distance

Question 34

Methods to Troubleshoot Static Routes (5)

Answer 34

1. ) ping or extended ping 2. ) traceroute 3. ) show ip route 4. ) show ip interface brief - displays interfaces with IP addresses and status 5. ) show cdp neighbors detail - displays what devices are connected to a specific device using Cisco Discovery Protocol

Question 35

Extended Ping

Answer 35

1. Ping where the destination address is specified as well as the source address for the ping. 2. ) Source can be another device in the network not necessarily the router/switch 3. ) ping destination_ip_address source_ip_address

Question 36

Configure Default Static Floating Route

Answer 36

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {next_hop_ip | exit_interface} Adminstrative_Distance