Chemical reactions involve..
electrons
Spectroscopy is used to
explore atomic structure
Continuous Spectrum
contains all wavelengths of light – a rainbow
Electromagnetic radiation
waves spread across spectrum from very short gamma rays to different kind of waves (like microwaves)
types of line spectrum
continuum spectrum
emission line spectrum
absorption line spectrum
what are continuum , emission , absorption line spectrum
- Absorving a light spectrum we will find continuum spectrum
( mad of a continuos range of wavelengh ) - Emission line spectrume: a bright spectrum lines against a dark background ,
It can be produced by a hot gas - Absorption line spectrume: absorving stars on earth, the exact opposite of the emission spectrum , the frequency is misssing
Hydrogen’s emission spectrum has several lines in the visible region – called the ..
“Balmer series”
are all the elemnets have the same line spectrum?
no, each element has its own line spectrum
why do we use line spectrums for gas elements ?
to help us know the position of the electrons
hydrogen Line Spectrum Contains Only a Few Discrete Wavelengths
electrons orbit in nucleus have certain “allowed” orbits - or energy levels.
That is, the electron’s energy is QUANTIZED (not continuous)
As we getting away from the nucleus the electrons is increasing or decreasing in energy?
increasing
Orbitals –
are regions of space where an electron has a probability of being found
The electrons in an atom are grouped around the nucleus into ..
shells
in the shell electrons are grouped into
sub-shells , of four different types, identified as s, p, d, and f
- The number of subshells = shell number.
* There are different number of orbitals within the different kinds of subshells
Different orbitals have different shapes.
what are the shapes of each type of orbital
- Orbitals in (s) subshells are (spherical)
- orbitals in (p) subshells are roughly (pinot)
- orbitals in (d) subshells are roughly (Dimond)
- orbitals in (f) subshells are roughly (flower)
Different orbitals have different shapes.
what are the shapes of each type of orbital
- Orbitals in (s) subshells are (spherical)
- orbitals in (p) subshells are roughly (pinot)
- orbitals in (d) subshells are roughly (Dimond)
- orbitals in (f) subshells are roughly (flower)
The 2 Electrons in the orbitals are spinning in oppisite directions
Electron Configuration:
arrangement of electrons in atom’s shells and subshells
Rules to predict electron configuration
- Electrons occupy the lowest-energy orbitals available, beginning with 1s and continuing
- Each orbital can hold only two electrons, which must be spinning oppositely .
- Two or more orbitals with the same energy – each orbital gets one electron before any orbital gets two.
Abbreviated Electron Configuration
is shorten of electron configuration
Valence Shell :
Outermost shell of an atom.
Valence electrons:
An electron in an outermost shell of an atom. These electrons are loosely held, they are most important in determining an element’s properties.
Octet Rule:
is used to predict chemical reactivity
