Ch.7: Inductive arg.

Question 1

Inductive arguments:

Answer 1

• : Claim that their conclusion PROBABLY follows from the premises.
• stronger or weaker rather than true or false.

Question 2

Types of Inductive arguments:

Answer 2

• Generalizations
• Analogies
• Causals

Question 3

Deductive arguments

Answer 3

• Claim that their conclusion NECESSARILY follows from the premises
• Ex:No dogs are cats. Lucky is a dog. Therefore, Lucky is not a cat.

Question 4

Inductive logic

Answer 4

• Inductive logic=based on probability rather than necessity

- always the possibility of error, EVEN IF all the premises are true.

Question 5

Inductive Arguments based on GENERALIZATIONS

Answer 5

-Drawing a conclusion about a certain characteristic of a population based on a sample from it.

Question 6

GENERALIZATION Ex

Answer 6

I get nauseous after eating ice cream.
I get nauseous after eating yogurt.
I get nauseous after drinking milk.
I am most likely lactose intolerant.

Question 7

Self-Selected Sample

Answer 7

A sample in which only volunteers participate.

Question 8

Sampling Biases

Answer 8

• Slanted Questions
• Push Polls
• Loaded Questions

Question 9

Push Polls

Answer 9

Starting out with the pollster’s views before asking for a response.

Question 10

Evaluating Inductive Arguments using generalization

Answer 10

• premises true?
• sample large enough?
• sample representative?
• conclusion supported by the premises?

Question 11

Arguments based onANALOGIES

Answer 11

Premise: X (which is familare) has characteristics a, b, and c.
Premise: Y (not as familar) has charactersistcs a and b.
Conclusion: Therefore, Y probably also has characteristic C.

Question 12

Analogy:

Answer 12

-literal
A comparison between two or more similar events.

-Ex: Interracial marriage is a civil right and is legal. Same-sex marriage should also be a civil right; therefore, should be legal

Question 13

Metaphor:

Answer 13

-figurative
A descriptive type of analogy, frequently found in literature.

-Ex:Employees of a business are like parts of a car. Each part needs to be working proficiently in order for the car to run smoothly.

Question 14

Evaluating Inductive Arguments based on Analogies

Answer 14

• What is being compared?
• similarities?
• dissimilarities?
• Comparisons?
• Counteranalogies?
• analogy support the conclusion

Question 15

Causal argument:

Answer 15

: An argument that claims something is, or is not, the cause of something else.

Question 16

Correlation

Answer 16

-When two events occur together regularly at rates higher than probability.

Question 17

+ Correlation

Answer 17

• possibility of an events occurance increases when a second, related event, increases
• Ex: number of cigarettes smoked and the risk of lung cancer

Question 18

• Correlation

Answer 18

• possibility of the occurrence of one event increases, as the possibility of another events occurance decreases.
• Ex: the older person is, the less likely he or she is to smoke.

Question 19

Causal relationships

Answer 19

• cause-and-effect relationships

- Ex: temperature and freezing water.

Question 20

Controlled experiments

Answer 20

Example: Two groups are used to study of effects of the pill.
One group receives actual pill.
Other group receives placebo pill.
**Don’t know which pill they’re taking.

Question 21

Evaluating causal arguments

Answer 21

• evidence= strong.
• argument should not contain fallacies.
• -data= current and up-to-date.
• conclusion should not go be on the premises.