Ch.8/9 DNA

Question 1

DNA Replication (DNA Duplication/DNA doubling)

Answer 1

• DNA Negative charge
• Hydrophilic

Question 2

​Nucleotide

Answer 2

• Monomer
• Deoxyribonucleotide
• contains deoxyribose sugar
• 1 of the 4 bases (A,T,C.G)
• Phosphate group (5 prime phosphate)
• 3 Prime Hydroxyl (OH)

Question 3

Nucleic Acid

Answer 3

• Polymer
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)​

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

• Double stranded molecule (double helix)
• antiparallel
  
  • 5’ end
  • 3’ end
• DNA Synthesis always 5’ —> 3’ direction
• sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 5

DNA polymerase

Answer 5

• enzyme that builds a DNA polymer
• polymerization
• Can remove RNA primers and replace it with DNA molecules

Question 6

ORI

Answer 6

• Origin of replication
• Replication bubble
• Bidirectional Replication
  
  • ​​• allows more DNA to be synthesized in less time because there are two replication forks

Question 7

DNA Helicase

Answer 7

Unwind and separate 2 strands of DNA

Question 8

RNA Primase

Answer 8

• enzyme that makes an RNA Primer
  
  • Short sequence of ribonucleotides (10-15)

Question 9

Answer 9

• Leading strand = continuous synthesis
• Old DNA strand = template
• new strand = leading strand
• Lagging strand = Discontinuous synthesis

Question 10

Single stranded binded protein

Answer 10

• keeps DNA in single strand
• DNA polymerase removes

Question 11

DNA Ligase

Answer 11

Connects the Okazaki fragments together

Question 12

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 12

• are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication

Question 13

Proofreading

Answer 13

• errors in DNA replication = random mutations
• occurs at low frequency
  
  • 1 in every 10^8 - 10^11
• Errors are corrected by the proofreading activities of DNA polymerase I and III

Question 14

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 14

• replication in a tube
• requires template DNA, DNA Polymerase, primers and nucleotides
• a method to amplify (make many copies of a DNA sample) so that further analysis can be done on the DNA sample
  
  1. DNA Polymerase
  2. Heat (bypass DNA helicase)
  3. Primer
  4. Deoxyribonucleotides
  5. DNA Template

Question 15

Sanger DNA Sequencing

Answer 15

• Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication