Master Sommelier Exam > Champagne > Flashcards

Champagne Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Champagne located in relation to Paris?

A

90 miles (145 km) east of Paris

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2
Q

How many bottles a year are produced in Champagne?

A

300,000,000

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3
Q

How much of France’s wine revenue does Champagne account for?

A

20%

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4
Q

What is the most important factor of terroir determining Champagnes unique qualities in sparkling wine compared to the rest of the world?

A

Climate & location

Its northern position and cool climate allows the grapes to achieve ripeness at a low ABV and high acidity level.

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5
Q

What hills seperate Champagne from Belgium?

A

The forested Ardennes

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6
Q

What 5 departments fall within the Champagne AOC?

A

Marne, Aube, Aisne, Haute-Marne, Seine-et-Marne

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7
Q

What is the dominant soil in the Aube?

A

Clay

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8
Q

What soil lies on top of most chalk soils found in Champagne?

A

Clay/Sand

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9
Q

What type of chalk is found mostly on the slopes of Champagne? What types of fossils form it?

A

Belemnite Chalk
Fossilized Chephalapods

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10
Q

What benefits do chalky soils provide?

A

Good drainage & heat retention

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11
Q

What type of chalk is found mostly on the valley floor in Champagne? What types of fossils form it?

A

Micraster chalk
Fossilized sea urchins/starfish

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12
Q

Where is Champagne located based on latitude?

A

Between the 48th & 49th parallels

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13
Q

What does CIVC stand for?

A

Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne

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14
Q

When was Chardonnay first listed as an official variety in Champagne?

A

2010

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15
Q

What grape in Champagne has the earliest bud burst?

A

Chardonnay

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16
Q

What are the 4 synonyms for Pinot Noir in Champagne?

A

Plant Doré, Morillon, Noirien & Auvernat

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17
Q

What is the average lost of harvest per year in Champagne due to hail/frost?

A

5% per year

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18
Q

What are the 7 grape varities of Champagne?

A

Pinot Noir
Chardonnay
Meunier
Arbanne
Fromenteau
Petit Meslier
Pinot Blanc

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19
Q

How many hectares in Champagne are dedicated for the 4 alternative white varieties?

A

Around 103 hectares or less than 0.3% of the Champagne vineyard

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20
Q

Which two people are credited with the revival of Arbanne?

A

Lucien Moutard: replanted in his vineyards in 1952
Henry Maréchaux (Moutard’s Grandfather): maintained cuttings in his nursery since 1900

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21
Q

Who makes ‘Arbane’ Pure?

A

Olivier Horiot

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22
Q

Who makes ‘Cépage Arbane’?

A

Moutard

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23
Q

What is the name for Pinot Gris in Champagne?

A

Fromenteau

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24
Q

What is Dérot-Delugny’s 100% Fromenteau Cuvée?

A

Cuvée des Fondateurs

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25
Who makes this 100% Fromenteau Cuvée? Trop M’en Faut!
Drappier
26
What are the parents of Petit Meslier?
Gouais Blanc × Savagnin Blanc
27
Where the traditional home for Petit Meslier?
The Aube
28
Who is mainly responsible for the revival of Petit Meslier? What lieu dit and town did they grow it?
The Chiquet family (Jaquesson) Corne Bautry, Dizy, Grande Vallée de la Marne
29
What important role has Petit Meslier historically played in Champagne blends?
Acidity and low alcohol
30
What is Duval-Leroy's 100% Petit Meslier Cuvée? What is the original name?
'Petit Meslier' Authentis
31
What region in Champagne were Pinot Blanc plantings historically concentrated?
The Côtes des Blancs
32
What grape is the Laherte Cuvee?
Petit Meslier
33
Who makes this 100% Pinot Blanc Cuvée? Colas Robins
Piollot
34
Who makes this 100% Pinot Blanc Cuvée? Cuvée des Lys
Phillippe Fontaine
35
Who makes this 100% Pinot Blanc Cuvée? Cuvée Heritage
Emanuel Tassin
36
What is Charles Dufor's 100% Pinot Blanc Cuvée?
Le Champ du Clos
37
What is Pierre Gerbais' 100% Pinot Blanc Cuvée?
'L'Originale'
38
What is Cedric Bouchard's 100% Pinot Blanc Cuvée?
La Bolorée
39
What are the 7 main sub-regions of Champagne?
Montage de Reims, Côte des Blancs, Marne Valley, Côte des Bar, Coteaux du Morin, Côte de Sézanne, Vitryat, Montgueux
40
What are the 6 subdistricts of the Montagne de Reims?
Grande Montagne; Massif de Saint-Thierry; Monts de Berru; Ardre Valley, Vesle Valley, and City of Reims
41
Where are the Monts de Berru located in relation to Reims?
East of the city
42
What are the 10 Grand Cru villages located in the Grande Montagne?
Ambonnay Beaumont-sur-Vesle Bouzy Louvois Mailly-Champagne Puisieulx Sillery Tours-sur-Marne Verzenay Verzy
43
What is this & where is it?
Moulin de Verzenay Near Verzenay
44
What are the 3 microzones of the Grande Montagne?
Northern Montagne, the Eastern Montagne, and the Southern Montagne
45
In and between what villages is the Northern Montagne of the Grand Montagne located?
From Villers-Allerand to Verzenay
46
What climate effect protects the vines on the Northern Montagne of the Grande Montagne? Describe this effect:
Thermal blanket Because the Grande Montagne is a freestanding formation, the chilled night air slips away, down the slopes onto the plain. As it does so, it draws warmer air from a thermal zone that builds up above the forested Montagne during the day. As the cold air moves down the slopes each night, it collects in dips on the lower slopes.
47
What is the main grape cultivated in the Grande Montagne? What villages are the exceptions & what grape do they grow?
Pinot Noir Trépail & Villers-Mamery: Chardonnay
48
In and between what villages is the Eastern Montagne of the Grand Montagne located?
From Verzy to Trépail
49
What two villages are located east and at the foot of the Grande Montagne & are wholly disconected from the slope? What grape do they mainly grow?
Billy-Le-Grand Vaudemange Chardonnay
50
In and between what villages is the Southern Montagne of the Grand Montagne located?
Ambonnay to Tours-sur-Marne
51
What are the general differences between the wines of the Northern Montagne vs the Southern Montagne?
Generally the fruit from the Southern Montagne is more complex than that of the Northern Montagne, which is more linear, with greater minerality, despite the Southern Montagne's higher chalk content.
52
Define Lignite soil:
A soft, dark brown, sedimentary rock
53
Define cendrières:
French for Lignite mine
54
What do the top soils of the Grande Montagne primarily consist of?
Loess drift that has been derived from sandy and clayey lignite, chalk rubble, and clayey colluvium.
55
What type of soil do the vineyards surrounding the Moulin de Verzenay lie on?
Sandy Limestone
56
What subregion does the Massif de Saint-Thierry usually associated with?
The Petite Montagne
57
What are the soils of the Massif de Saint-Thierry that seperate it from the rest of the region?
Yellowish and greenish-white calcareous sand interbedded in a strata of Lutetian limestone-not chalk.
58
What is the most famous vineyard of the Massif de Saint-Thierry & what wine was it famous for in the early 19th century?
Clos de Saint-Thierry Still red wine
59
Where in the Monts de Berru located in relation to Reims?
A few kms east
60
What is the most planted grape in the Monts de Berru?
Chardonnay
61
Where is Moronvilliers located? What subregion is it considered a part of?
East of the Monts de Berru The Monts de Berru
62
What villages are vines planted in Moronvilliers? What grapes do the specialize in? Who owns these vineyards?
Selles - Meunier Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers - Chardonnay Moët & Chandon
63
What is the main variety planted in the Adre Valley, Montagne de Reims?
Meunier
64
What is considered the finest sites in the Ardre Valley? Why?
Courmas It has southwest facing slopes
65
What are the most important vineyards in the Ardre valley collectively known as? What is this generally defined as?
The Petite Montagne From Vrigny to Sermiers
66
What grape has been historically the most important in the Ardre Valley? What varieties increase in concentration in the Petite Montagne?
Meunier Chardonnay & Pinot Noir
67
Where are finest sites in the Ardre Valley? What is their aspect?
The slope of Courmas Southwest facing
68
In and between what villages is generally considered the Petite Montagne?
Vrigny to Sermiers
69
What grapes are mainly planted in the Petite Montagne? What grape dominated plantings historically?
Pinot Noir & Chardonnay Meunier
70
Where does the Vesle Valley lie in relation to the Massif de Saint-Thierry?
South
71
In what subdistrict is Pommery's Clos Pompadour located?
City of Reims
72
Who owns the most vines planted in the subdistrict of the City of Reims?
Pommery
73
What are the 2 most famous vineyards located in the subdistrict of the city of Reims?
Clos Lanson - Lanson Clos Pompadour - Pommery
74
In what subdistrict is Lanson's Clos Lanson vineyard located?
City of Reims
75
Describe the general path of the Marn River as it enters & exits the Champagne AOC:
The Marne River enters Champagne AOC at Vitryat, in the east of the region, flowing northward to Châlons-en-Champagne, then west through the heart of the Champagne region before exiting at Saâcy-sur-Marne, just 36 kilometers (22 miles) from the outskirts of Paris.
76
What are the six subdistricts of the Marne Valley?
Grande Vallée Région d’Épernay Terroir de Condé Western Marne Valley Right Bank Left Bank
77
Describe the top soil found in the Marne Valley:
The topsoil here is a colluvial mix of marl, lignite, sandy loam, and clay and tends to be thick and heavy.
78
What is the main subsoil found in the eastern Marne Valley?
Belemnite chalk higher up the slopes Becomes less prevelant as you head west
79
In and between what villages is the Grande Vallée of the Vallée de la Marne located?
Bisseuil to Cumières
80
What Grande Cru is located in the right bank vineyards of the Grande Vallée, Vallée de la Marne?
Aÿ
81
What is the most famous Premier Cru in the Grande Vallée, Vallée de la Marne?
Mareuil- sur-Aÿ
82
What is the first single-vineyard Champagne? What village is the vineyard located?
Philipponnant, Clos des Goisses Mareuil-sur-Aÿ, Grande Vallée, Vallée de la Marne
83
What is another name used to refer to the Région d’Épernay?
Coteaux Sud d’Épernay
84
What is the most famous property in the Région d’Épernay?
Taittinger's Château de la Marquetterie
85
Who owns the Château de la Marquetterie? What village is it located in?
Taittinger Pierry
86
What makes the plantings at Château de la Marquetterie unique?
La Marquetterie (“marquetry”) is named for the alternating plots of black and white grapes cultivated in response to the differences in soil composition.
87
What is the main department that the Western Marne Valley falls in?
The Aisne
88
What are the five widespread regions that the Côte des Blancs refers to?
Côte des Blancs, Montgueux, Côte de Sézanne, Coteaux du Morin, and Vitryat
89
What are the 6 Grand Crus of the Côte des Blancs?
Avize Chouilly Cramant Le Mesnil-sur-Oger Oger Oiry
90
Describe the top soil of the Côte des Blancs:
A thin layers of sandy-clay rich in lignite
91
Describe the subsoil of the Côte des Blancs:
Belemnite chalk that turns more sandy at the bottom of the slope with some micraster at the edge of the slopes
92
What is the French term for blending?
Assemblage
93
What is the French name for secondary fermentation in traditional sparkling wine?
Prise de mousse
94
What is the average pressure of a bottle of Champagne?
90 psi
95
What is the proper name for a Champagne cage?
Muselet
96
Define Sur Latte:
The storing of bottles stacked on their sides, which is the most space-efficient method of storing champagne in the cellar. This is the way that champagnes are stored during the second fermentation and aging in the bottle, before they are put into riddling racks to prepare them for disgorgement.
97
Who made the first Brut Champagne & in what year?
Perrier-Jouët in 1848
98
What is the French term for riddling?
Remuage
99
Which bottle sizes are not allowed to be made with the Transvasage method?
375ml (half-bottle) 750ml 1500ml (magnum) 3000ml (Jeroboam)
100
What is 'vin de cuvée'?
The first 2050L of free run juice extracted from 4000kg of grapes
101
What village in the Côte de Sézanne is known for Pinot Noir?
Chantemerle
102
What department are most of the Côte de Sézanne villages located? What village is the exception?
The Marne Villenauxe-la-Grande in the Aube
103
Describe the soils of the Côte de Sézanne:
The topsoil consists of clay & marl while subsoils are mostly chalk (belemnite & micraster). The soils contain less lignite than in the northern vineyards.
104
What is another name for the Coteaux du Morin? What was this region formely known as?
Val du Petit Morin Région de Congy
105
What are the 4 Premier Cru villages found in the Coteaux du Morin?
Voipreux Villeneuve-Renneville-Chevigny Coligny (Val-des-Marais) Étréchy
106
Where is the Coteaux du Morin located on relation to other districts in Champagne?
South-West of the Côte des Blancs North-East of the Côte de Sézanne
107
Where is Vitryat located in relation to the Côte des Blancs?
30 miles south-east of Vertus
108
What are the main soils of Vitryat?
Pure chalk
109
What is the main grape of Vitryat?
Chardonnay
110
Where is Montgueux in relation to Troyes?
7.5 miles west of Troyes
111
What family is responsible for leading the planting of Montgueux?
Lassaigne
112
What is the main era of chalk the is found on the hill of Montgueux?
Turonian-era chalk
113
What are the 2 sub-districts of the Côte des Bars?
Bar-sur-Aube Bar-sur-Seine
114
What are the main soils of the Aube?
Mainly Upper Kimmeridgian marl with pockets of Upper Oxfordian & Portlandian slopes intermixed
115
What is the most important region in the Bar-sur-Aube? Who is the most important producer in this region?
Urville Drappier
116
How much more vineyards are planted in the Bar-sur-Seine vs the Bar-sur-Aube?
50% more vineyard land is found in the Bar-sur-Seine than the Bar-sur-Aube
117
What is the UCAVIC? Where is it located?
Union des coopératives auboises de vin de Champagne (UCAVIC), the massive but dynamic co-operative
118
What brand is the Union des coopératives auboises de vin de Champagne (UCAVIC) best known for?
Devaux
119
Name at least 3 grower producers found in the Côte de Bar:
Cédric Bouchard Vouette et Sorbée Marie Courtin Champagne La Borderie
120
What region & sub-district is Rosé de Riceys located?
Bar-sur-Seine, Côte de Bar
121
What are the 6 things that champagne can be catergorized by?
pressure chronology prestige origin style sweetness
122
What is the generally agreed upon pressure for Grand Mousseux in Champagne?
5 to 6 atmospheres of pressure (73.5 to 88 psi)
123
What grape varieties are allowed for Rosé des Riceys?
100% Pinot Noir only
124
What system was used historically to rate the villages of Champagne?
Échelle des Crus
125
When were fixed prices set by Échelle des Crus abolished in Champagne?
1990
126
What year was the Échelle des Crus abolished?
2010
127
What department are the Champagne Grand Crus located in?
Marne
128
How many Grand Cru villages are in Champagne?
17
129
How many Premier Cru villages are in Champagne?
42
130
According to the historic Échelle des Crus system what percentage were villages rated for Grand Cru? Premier Cru?
100% for Grand Cru 90-99% for Premier Cru
131
What do the old Champagne regulations define as 'Crémant'?
3.6 atmospheres
132
What does Crémant translate to?
Creaming
133
Who made the most famous Crémant style Champage? What was the orginal name? The current name?
Mumm 'Crémant de Cramant' 'Mumm de Cramant'
134
How much of Champagne sold is NV?
80%
135
When can Champagne be bottled at the earliest?
January 1st of the year following the harvest
136
What are the aging requirements for NV Champagne?
Nonvintage Champagne cannot be sold until 15 months after the date of bottling for tirage, with at least 12 months on yeast.
137
What is the maximum amount of wine a producer is allowed to make or sell from a single vintage?
80%
138
What percentage of Champagne sales are vintage Champagne?
2%
139
Why do vintage Champagnes taste richer than nonvintage?
Because the base wines from a single year contain more protein than reserve wines (protein drops out as reserve wines age), the autolytic process enhanced in vintage Champagne Vintage Champagne cannot be sold until at least 36 months after tirage
140
In what year was Louis Roederer's Cristal introduced?
1876
141
Who was Louis Roederer's Cristal originally created for?
Tsar Alexander II
142
In what year & by who was the prestige cuvee concept conceived? Why was this idea suggested?
1932 by Laurence Venn
143
What was the first vintage of Dom Perignon?
1921
144
Why was the idea of Prestige Cuvee Champagne originally conceived?
The idea was to make an ultra expensive luxury cuvee targeted at the British aristocracy to help boost dwindling Champagne sales due to the Great Depression
145
What bottles are Dom Perignon bottles based on?
18th-century Champagne bottle
146
147
What is the official name for Champagne Special Club?
Club Trésors de Champagne
148
Of the original 12 Champagne Special Club Members what 3 are still in the Club?
Gaston Chiquet, Pierre Gimonnet & Paul Bara
149
What year was Dom Perignon first commercially released? What vintage?
1936 1921
150
What is the first vintage of Salon? When was it released commercially?
1905 1921
151
How many releases has Salon had since 1905?
38
152
What century bottles are Champagne Special Club bottled in?
1700s inspired bottles
153
What process must a Special Club Champagne go through before being released?
It must be estate produced & can come from any site or variety, but must be approved by a notoriously stringent panel which tastes the wine twice. One time as vin clair One time again after 3 years of aging
154
155
Name at least 6 Champagne Special Club Members:
Paul Bara (Bouzy) Roland Champion (Chouilly) Gaston Chiquet (Dizy) Pierre Gimonnet et Fils (Cuis) Marc Hébrart (Mareuil-sur-Aÿ) J. Lassalle (Chigny-les-Roses) Vazart-Coquart et Fils (Chouilly)
156
In what decade & what was the first single vineyard bottling commercialized in Champagne?
Clos de la Chapitre by Amédée Tarin 1860s
157
When did Krug purchase Clos du Mesnil?
1972
158
When did Krug first released Clos du Mesnil? What was the first vintage?
1986 1979
159
When was Clos des Goisses first bottle as a single Cuvee by Philipponnat?
1935
160
When did Billecart-Salmon first release Clos Saint-Hilaire? What vintage was it?
2003 1995
161
When did Pommery first release Clos Pompadour? What was the first vintage?
2011 2002
162
What is the most famous Blanc des Noirs?
Bollinger Vielles Vignes Françaises
163
When did Krug first release Clos d'Ambonnay? What was the first vintage?
2007 1995
164
What is the first rosé Champagne produced & in what year? What style was it?
Ruinart Oeil de Pedrix Mousseux 1764 Saignée method
165
Who was the first to blend red wine with white wine to make rosé in Champagne?
Veuve Cliquot
166
How much variation is allowed in the actual RS vs stated RS in Champagne?
3 grams/liter
167
What is the range of RS for Extra-Brut?
0-6 grams/liter
168
What is the range of RS allowed for Extra-Sec Champagne?
12-17 grams/liter
168
What is the range of RS allowed for Brut Champagne?
0-12 grams/liter
169
What is the range of RS allowed for Extra Sec Champagne?
12 to 17 grams/liter
170
What is the term Riche used for in Champagne?
Historically it was used as an alternative name for demi-sec, but currently it has no legal definition and can be found on bottles between demi-sec & doux
171
What is the range of RS allowed for Demi-Sec Champagne?
32-50 grams/liter
172
What is the range of RS allowed for Doux Champagne?
50+ grams/liter
173
What are the four vine training systems allowed in Champagne?
Chablis Cordon Guyot Vallée de la Marne
174
What are the only permitted vine training methods for Champagne Grand & Premier Cru vineyards?
Chablis & Cordon
175
In Champagne what is the 2050 liters of juice extracted from the first press called?
Cuvée
176
In Champagne what is the 500 liters of juice extracted from the second press called?
Taille
177
In Champagne what is the 116 liters of juice extracted from the final press called?
Rebêche
178
Why is the first press the best juice to use for Champagne?
It's the cleanest flavor & contains the most sugar, acid, minerals & vitamins, while also containing the least tannins
179
How many kg of grapes can a traditional coquard press hold?
4,000 kg
180
How many liters of juice per fill did a traditional coquard press yield?
2,666 liters
181
What does débourbage refer to in winemaking?
Settling
182
Who devised double débourbage? Where was he Chef de Cave and in what year?
James Coffinet at Billecart-Salmon in the 1970s
183
What is the average potential alcohol for Vin Clairs in Champagne?
9.7% ABV
184
What is a 205 liters cask known locally as in Champagne?
Piéces
185
Why must Champagne be tartrate stable on bottling?
Because tartaric acid crystals would act as nucleation points in the bottle causing gushing on opening
186
What does Vin Clair translate to?
Clear Wine
187
What is the term in Champagne used for Secondary Fermentation?
Prise de Mousse
188
How many grams of sugar in Liquer de Tirage yields 6 atmospheres of pressure?
24 grams
189
What does RCGM stand for?
Rectified Concentrated Grape Must
190
What is the most common type of sugar used in Liquer de Tirage in Champagne?
Sucrose from sugar beets
191
192
What size is a Nebuchanezzer?
15L
193
What size is a Balthazar?
12L
194
What size is a Salamanzar?
9L
195
What size is a Methusaleh?
6L
196
What size is a Rehoboam?
4.5L
197
What size is a Jeroboam?
3L
198
What is the cork used for secondary fermentation of Champagne called? What is the clip that holds it in place called?
Bouchon de tirage Agrafe
199
Define Bouchon de tirage:
A cork used during secondary fermentation of Champagne
200
Define agrafe:
The clip used to hold the cork in the bottle during secondary fermentation
201
Define capsule couronne:
French term for crown cap
202
Define bidule:
A small silicone pot attached to the crown cap that catches sediment during riddling
203
When does autolysis usually begin and when does it's most active period end?
2 to 4 months after secondary fermentation ends 4 to 5 years
204
Define sur pointe:
A term for storing Champagne bottles upside down during aging
205
Define déplacements:
The stacking, unstacking, and restacking of Champagne bottles resting horizontally
206
Define sur latte:
Resting Champagne bottles on their side during lees aging
207
What is the scientifically established peak that Champagne shoukd be aged on lees for mousse retention?
18 months
208
How long does traditional manual remuage take?
8 weeks
209
How long does a gyropallette take to riddle?
Four to five days
210
What is the literal translation for 'pupitre'?
Desk
211
How many holes does each board of a pupitre traditionally have?
60 bored holes to hold bottles at a 45 degree angle
212
What is the job title of someone who riddles champagne by hand?
Remueur or Manipulateur
213
Define Coupe de Poignet:
When a Remeuer combines the task of turning the bottle & titling the rack Literally means wrist cut
214
How long does ultra sonic riddling take?
One to four hours
215
When was dégorgement à la glace invented?
Late 1800s (1884 invented, 1892 patented)
216
What temperature is required for dégorgement à la glace?
-13 to -22 degrers Fahrenheit -25 to -30 degrees Celcius
217
What decade was the gyro-pallette introduced in Champagne?
1970s
218
What is dégorgement à la glace?
Submerging a riddled bottle of Champagne into an ice bath between -25 to -30 degrees celcius to freeze the deposit in the bottle for disgorgement in order to yield a clear wine
219
Define à la volée:
A skilled technique where a skilled dégorger disgorges bottles by hand, usually perfomed on bottles sealed with a cork and agrafe Refers to the noise it makes that sounds like a discharge or volley of a rifle
220
By law, how much can dosage vary in a bottle of Champagne from what's stated?
3 grams of variation
221
Define liqueur d’expédition:
A mix of sugar, base wine & SO2 added to bottles of Champagne after disgorgement
222
What 7 additives are permited in the liqueur d’expédition of Champagne?
Ascorbic Acid Citric Acid Gum Arabic SO2 Sugar Spirit Sulfiscorbate
223
What is the metal capsule used to hold down a Champagne cork called?
A plaque
224
Define muselet de fil de fer:
Literally means wire muzzle The full name for the cage used to hold Champagne corks in place
225
What does the number at the end of a Mytik Diam cork mean?
The aging guarantee in years
226
What is another name for Mytik Diam 5 cork?
Mytik Diam Classic
227
What is another name for Mytik Diam 3 cork?
Mytik Diam Access
228
What are the main differences between pre-disgorgement & post-disgorgement aging of Champagne?
Prior to disgorgement the aging process is primarily about retaining freshness, with any mellowing affect playing a minor role Post disgorgement the aging process is primarily about the mellowing affect, with any retention of freshness playing a minor role
Master Sommelier Exam
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