1
Q
18th century living conditions
A
- overcrowded. in 1861, 70% scottish population lived in 1-2 rooms
- houses quickly and cheaply built. single end flats often had no windows
- damp, cold and poorly maintained by landlords. turned into slums
- no running water. collected from standpipe in close often contaminated.
- no rubbish collection. filth gathered in streets.
- inadequate sewers and drains. waste dumped in water supply.
2
Q
reasons for poor health
A
- lack of sanitation. open sewers caused bacteria to multiply and contaminate water.
- overcrowding. family lived 1 a room.
- no rubbish disposal. rubbish left in streets and attracted rats.
- poor diet. low immunity to diseases.
- pollution. caused illnesses.
- lack of medical knowledge. medical problems left untreated.
3
Q
reasons for improvements in living conditions
A
- government laws and local authority action
- new inventions
- improved conditions for middle class. railways made it possible for wealthy to settle down in less polluted suburbs.
4
Q
government laws and authority action
A
- public health acts. local authorities could provide sewers and drains, a refuse collection, clean piped water etc and appoint sanitary inspectors.
- 1855 nuisance removal act. local authorities could clean or close properties.
- 1875 artisans and labourers dwelling act. local authorities could pull down slums.
5
Q
new inventions
A
- electric light
- flushing toilets
- coal burning ranges
6
Q
reasons for improvements in public health
A
- government laws and authority action
- improved diet
- medical advances
7
Q
improved diet
A
- changes in farming methods. more produced, more healthier and varied diet.
- fresh food. railways.
- built up resistance to diseases, longer life span.
8
Q
medical advances
A
- vaccinations. smallpox vaxx compulsory for babies by 1853.
- anaesthetics gave patients better change at surviving surgery.
- greater cleanliness. nursing improved.
- better water supply. reduced typhus.
- cures found for cholera
9
Q
improvements in towns
A
- 300 thousand moved to london
- britain ‘workshop of the world’
- acts
- cheap transportation fees
- city centre brought in work
- schools built
10
Q
killer diseases
A
- typhus caused from overcrowding and lice.
- TB caused from bad diet and overcrowding. biggest killer.
- cholera kill within an hour.
- smallpox killed 12 thousand in 1800.
- flu very common
11
Q
people who changed things
A
- Florence Nightingale
- Joseph Lister carbolic acid disinfectant
- John Snow made connection between water and cholera
- Louis Pasteur realised germs spread diseases
- Joseph Bazalgatte built london sewers
- James Simpson chloroform anaesthetic
12
Q
main reasons for improvement
A
- local councils
- medicine and medical knowledge improved
- public health acts
- transport improved
13
Q
why factories were needed
A
- population grew
- cloth quality inconsistent
- cotton merchants imported more raw cotton
- entrepreneurs realised they could make money
- machines too big and expensive for homes
- machines needed power source
14
Q
inventions
A
- flying shuttle for weaving
- spinning jenney
- water frame
- spinning mule
- steam engine
- power loom
15
Q
working in factories
A
- long hours. 14 hours for child.
- low wages. not paid except for overtime.
- punishments: beaten for falling asleep.
- child deformities. knock-knees.
- crushed by machines.
- hot conditions affected health
16
Q
factory acts
A
- 1833 illegal for under 9s. only over 18s at night. gov inspectors.
- 1844 safer machinery, reduced working hours.
- 1847 10 hours a day women and children.
1878 children under 10 school
17
Q
what did robert owen do
A
- treated employees well
- reduced day length
- silent monitors as punishments
- clean & safe
- educated and fed children
- improved factories in long term
18
Q
weaknesses of factory acts
A
- families needed the money
- inspectors had no power enforcing laws
- not all children had registered births/ages
19
Q
reasons coal mining grew
A
- increased population
- other countries could not produce
- iron and steel industry
- steamships
- railways and factories
- light streets up
20
Q
working conditions
A
- hewer cut coal. (cramped, hot)
- putter moved coal. (could get trapped)
- trappers opened and closed trap door (suffocation, explosion)
- bearers carry coal up (falling rocks, back breaking)
21
Q
dangers of coal mines
A
- flooding
- poisonous gases like methane and carbon monoxide
- moving coal carts
- cave-ins
- lung diseases
- dangerous technology like winding gear
22
Q
changes in mines (mines act)
A
- 1842 females and boys under 10 banned underground.
- 1855 all collieries have safety rules
- 1860 no children underground unless read and write
- 1862 mines 2 exits
- 1872 certificate of competency
- 8 hour working day underground
23
Q
new technology in mines
A
- steam powered coal cutting machine
- two shafts
- pit ponies
- steam pumps
- steel pit props
- davy lamp
24
Q
need for railways
A
- old transport difficult for goods to move around
- coach travel slow and expensive
- canals were not efficient
- needed faster way to import cotton
25
decline in canals
- slow
- expensive
- could not go everywhere
- freeze over winter
- companies failed to invest
- different widths and depths
26
advantages of railways
- less maintenance needed
- run all year round
- changed diet
- transported people
- imported cotton and coal
- grew companies
27
people for railways
- unemployed
- factory owners
- fishermen
- farmers
- middle class
28
people against railways
- coach and canal owners
- doctors
- farmers
- ministers
- landowners
29
building railways
- tunnels (roof collapse)
- cuttings ( crushed by wheelbarrow, explosions)
- embankments (thrown over, crushed)
- floating rafts (built across march)
- bridges
30
expansion of railways
- railway mania in 30s and 40s
- first scottish railways in 1842 from ed to gl
- highlands hard to build
- aberdeen to edinburgh bridges
NAT 5 History
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