1
Q
What is the definition of locale?
A
The place where something happens or is set, or that has particular events associated with it.
-can refer to both physical and cultural contexts.
2
Q
How is location defined?
A
‘Where’ a place is, for example, the co-ordinates on a map.
(in terms of latitude and longitude)
3
Q
What does meaning relate to in the context of place?
A
Individual or collective perceptions of place.
(can vary greatly among different individuals and communities)
4
Q
What are some examples of media?
A
- Television
- Film
- Photography
- Art
- Newspapers
- Books
- Songs
Media influences public perception and can shape cultural understanding.
5
Q
How is place defined?
A
A location with meaning
Places can hold personal significance or be meaningful on a social or cultural level
6
Q
What is placemaking?
A
The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life.
Placemaking often involves community input and collaboration.
7
Q
What does sense of place refer to?
A
The subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place
Sense of place is developed through personal experiences and knowledge of an area
8
Q
What does subjective mean?
A
Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes or opinions
Subjectivity can affect how individuals perceive places and experiences
9
Q
What is the descriptive approach to place?
A
The idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct
This approach emphasizes the unique characteristics of each location
10
Q
How does the social constructionist approach define place?
A
Place as a product of a particular set of social processes occurring at a particular time
This approach focuses on the societal influences that shape the understanding of place
11
Q
What does the phenomenological approach emphasize regarding place?
A
How an individual person experiences place, recognizing a highly personal relationship between place and person
This approach is less concerned with the characteristics of a place and more about personal perception
12
Q
Is one theoretical approach to place considered more important than the others?
A
No, there is overlap between the three approaches and none is more important than another
All approaches contribute to a comprehensive understanding of place
13
Q
What is essential for A-level Geography students to consider about places?
A
All three approaches to place
Understanding places as dynamic areas where people, ideas, and information come together is crucial
14
Q
How should places be understood according to the text?
A
As dynamic areas where people, ideas, and information come together
This perspective emphasizes the active nature of places rather than static geographical locations
15
Q
Fill in the blank: Places hold _______.
A
meaning
Different groups of people may have varying interpretations of the significance of places
16
Q
True or False: Different groups of people may see places the same way.
A
False
Different groups may have different scopes to change these places
17
Q
What three aspects does the placemaking movement emphasize?
A
- Identity
- Belonging
- Well-being
These aspects are critical to understanding people’s lived experiences of place.
18
Q
How can place impact identity?
A
Place can be critical to the construction of identity through local experiences
Examples include reading local newspapers, playing sports for local teams, and attending local events.
19
Q
Define localism in the context of identity.
A
An affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place
Localism is often demonstrated through ‘nimbyism’, where residents oppose developments in their area.
20
Q
What is nimbyism?
A
A reluctance to have one’s local area affected by development
Nimbyism is a manifestation of localism.
21
Q
What does regionalism refer to?
A
Consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with shared similarities
Regionalism highlights the collective identity of a population within a specific region.
22
Q
What is nationalism?
A
Loyalty and devotion to a nation, creating a sense of national consciousness
Patriotism can be seen as an example of nationalism.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The placemaking movement emphasizes identity, belonging, and _______.
A
well-being
24
Q
True or False: Localism is primarily a political movement.
A
False
Localism is more about emotional connections to place rather than political actions.
25
What are some activities that foster a sense of local place?
* Reading local newspapers
* Playing sport for a local team
* Attending local fairs or events
## Footnote
These activities help build a connection to one's community and identity.
26
At a national level how may people identify with place
● a common language
● a national anthem
● a flag
● cultural and sporting event
27
What is the importance of place
1) Shapes Identity
2) Provides Belonging
3) Influences emotional,physical and social wellbeing
4) Dynamic and Personal - due to difference in experiences
28
How does place shape your identity?
- Culture and Heritage
- Tradidtions
- Community = social networks
29
How can you have a sense of belonging
## Footnote
Inclusion
1) Shared Language
2) Shared Culture : Religion / Traditions
3) Strong Community : Friends and Family
## Footnote
Exclusion would be opposite
30
How might someone feel excluded in a place
## Footnote
No sense of Belonging
1) Lack of language - blocked social interractions
2) Discrimination : Sex/Race/Sexuality/Class
3) Lack of access to activies / ammenities
4) No social connections (might be new to the area)
5) Segregation (gated communities)
31
How does place support emotional, physical, social wellbeing?
1) Natural envrionemnt - green, active, social
2) Affordable housing
3) Saftey
4) Sense of community
5) Job
32
How can place be detrimental to emotional,physical, social wellbeing?
1) Crime
2) Unemployment : Hardship
3) Lack of outdoor spaces
4) No Access to Ammenities
5) Pollution : Unhealthy lifestyle
6) Isolation from friends/family
33
What are Insiders?
## Footnote
And characteristics
Connected and belonging
- familiar to customs
- have a social network
- shared identity
- Long time resident
- Age
- Social class
## Footnote
Outsiders are opposites
34
What are Outsiders?
## Footnote
Charactersits
Disconnected and unfamiliar
- short stay
- lack of knowledge
- different identity
- exclusion : disabilities, LGBTQ, ethnic, homless etc.
- Language (different)
## Footnote
Opposite to insider
35
How does do certain factors cause feeling out of place?
Age
Income
Culture
Language
## Footnote
Age: Old man at Reading Festival
36
What is Spatial exculsion
When physical space is used to seperate or exculde people
## Footnote
Economic Inequality, Gentrification, Poor Acessibility, Urban Planning
37
How is Spatial Exclusion seen in the world?
Economic Inequality
Gentrification
Poor Accessibilyt
Urban Planning
38
What is a Near vs. Far place
Could refer to Geographical distance
Could describe the emotional connection to a place due to personal experiences
Emotional connection or familiarity may be built due to frequent representational exposure - thereofre a media place might mean a geographically far place feels near
39
What are Endogenous Factors?
Characteristics of the place which originated internally
## Footnote
Location, Topography/Physical Geo, Landuse/Built Envrionement, Demographics, Economic Characteristics
40
What are examples of Endogenous Factors?
Location
Topography / Physical Geography
Landuse : Built Envrionement
Demographics
Economic Characterists
41
What are Exogenous Factors?
External forces / influences that originated elsewhere but significantly shape the character of place
## Footnote
Flows of : People, Resources, Money/Investemnt, Ideas
Links to other places
42
What are examples of Exogenous Factors
Links to other Places
Flows of:
- People
- Money/Investement
- Resources
- Ideas
43
How does Rural and Urban representations impact place
Cities are often presented negativley in the media : Economic deprivation, Homelessness, Crime and Vandalism
In contrast Rural areas are presented through a 'rural idyll'. Prenset healthy, happy, close knit communities. But realities are unafforadble housing, poor public transport, unemployement etc.
44
What is Paris Syndrome
Psychological condition
Exaggerated form of culture shock
Individual experience intense : Disappointment, anxiety and hallucinations
If the romanticized image of the place does not exist
## Footnote
Most Japanese tourists going to Paris
45
How do people decidee where to settle - Reasons
Humans favoured rivers : Water source (drinking and agriculture), ideal transportation, fertile land, natural resources and a natural protection from hazards
46
What causes Settlement Growth
Migration (pop.)
Urbanisation (pop.)
Surplus farming (pop.)
Trade/market = (economic)
47
What are the settlement patterns?
1) Disperesed - far away - low building density
2) Linear - centered around a road/river or limited geograhically
3) Nucleated - clustered together in compact squares/circles
48
What characters could a place have?
Historic
Busy / Bustling
Peaceful / Tranquil
Vibrant
Industrial
Sacred / Spiritual
49
How can a place have a historical character?
Old buildings
Monuments
Ruins
Gives a sense of depth and continuity
50
How can a place have a vibrant character
Lively
Colourful
Full of Energy
City centre / market
51
What are some examples of endogenous factors which impact the character of a place?
Location
Topography
Landuse / Built Envrionement
Demographics
Economic characteristics
52
Some examples of exogenous factors which impact the character of a place?
Flows of people
Flows of money / investement
Flows of resources
Flows of ideas
Links
53
How do flows of people have an impact on the character of a place?
## Footnote
Exogenous Factor
Immigration
Range of cultures = diversity
Creating a multicultural character
54
How does the flow of money/investement have an impact on the character of a place?
Regeneration projects
From derelict to modern and attractive
However, opposite effect too - if people move out it becomes derelict
55
How do flows of ideas have an impact on the character of a place?
Globalisation - music, fashion, food, lifestyles.
Places can feel cosmopolitan and diverse
56
How do links to other places have an impact on the character of a place?
## Footnote
Exogenous factor
Transport
Trade
Cultural connections
Creates networks
More globally connected
Attracts investement, visitors, new ideas
57
Why does deindustrialisation take place?
An outflow of investment
58
How has the flows of people and investment changed benidorm?
Much more British - less traditional eperiences. Cultural change. Main demographic are elderly British who are permenantly migrating
59
How have the flows of people and investement affected spain
More AirBnBs = higher rents for local = higher cost of living
Therefore trying to rid tourism through airbnb. Less people will want to visit as they feel unwelcome. Socio-economic impact = less jobs in hospitality. Therefore higher demand of first homes.
60
How has the flow of people affected New Malden
High Korean population = shifting services to provide for the korean culture.
Demographic changes as population increases as people part of those communities move into the area.
61
How has the flow of people and investement impacted Shoreditch?
Gentrification - wealther people move into lower income areas. They bring investments
Thereofre original population is displaced.
Changing services. Changing culture and demographics.
62
How has the flow of investement affected Detroit
Investement moved out.
'White Flight' as there was increased crime = more deprivation and population decline.
63
How has the flow of investment and resources changed Battersea?
No more coal to burn therefore regeneration in progess to change from a derelict place to more wealth.
Increased mixed-use envrionment.
## Footnote
Investement from TNC's and Governmet to regenerate
64
How have flows of ideas changed Copenhagen?
More focus on climate and sustainability. Ideas and plans for envrionmental protection develoved. Therefore positive impact on the urban life in Copenhagen. More bikes, Less cars and pollution.
65
How has the flow of resources and investements impacted Dubai?
Oil wealth led to more investment and infrastructure. This attracted tourists which brought more investment. There is more migration making it more multi-cultural
66
How many international tourist arrivals took place in 2019
## Footnote
GLOBALLY
1.5 Billion
67
How much GDP did tourists create in 2019?
## Footnote
Globally
$1.7 Trillion
68
How many short-term leases were there in 2013 in Barcelona?
2,500
69
How many short term leases were there in 2019 in Barcelona
30,000
70
How much have rental prices increased from 2013 to 2019 in Barcelona?
40%
71
What is the size of the Korean community in New Malden
17,000
72
How much have the average house prices increased from 200 to 2018 in Hackney London?
From £150,000
to over
£500,000
73
How many manufacturing jobs did Detroit loose between 1950 to 2010
300,000
74
How much did the popluation of Detroit drop from 1950 to 2010
£1.85 million to 670,000
75
How does the Flow of people have an impact on place?
Impacted character
Migrants bring new cultures / customs
Might lead to over tourism
76
What are positive and negative factors of the flow of people
New TNC shops have to open to appeal to the increased migration - local buisnesses cant keep up however encourages tourism as migrants find what they like.
Prices for locals drastically increase
Loss of charm
77
How does the flow of investment impact a place?
Place becomes regenerated
However if there is an outflow of investment the area might break down
78
What are the positive / negative factors of flows of investment
Creates a new purpose for the place - attracts even more investments and people
If there is no money to keep an area afloat it may become derelict
79
What is the impact of the flow of resources on a place
More resources = a place to grow infrastructure and welath
Resources become embedded into the culture
80
What are the positive and negative factors of the flow of resources on a place
Can lead to more investment
Build up the city, community and culture
May lead to over toursim and migration - area becomes expensive therefore gentrification takes place
81
How does the flow of ideas impact a place?
Global ideas reshape local culture
82
What are positive and negative factors of flows of ideas
Good change = acceptance by the community - will lead to greater positive change
Bad change = loss of individuality of the area - clone town
83
What is a Global Sense of place?
## Footnote
features?
Idea that the character and identity of a place are shaped by global connections and influences rather than being isolated or purely local
## Footnote
Places are not static / self-contained. Formed through global relationships and processes. Local and global scales are linked.
Sense of place should be 'progressive', open and inclusive
84
What is Placelessness
Lack of a distinctive or unique idenity so that they feel interchangeable or generic.
Often as a result of globalisation which standerdises landscapes and erodes local character
85
What is homogenisation
the process by which places become more similar in character and appearance often due to the spread of global brands, architecture and cultural practices reducing local distinctiveness.
86
What causes placelessness (and characteristics)
Homogenisation (chain stores)
Mass consumption (prioritises efficiency and mobility which may erode local distinctiveness)
Technology (rapid communication and travel - sense of being 'nowhere')
Lack of attachement (weak cultural connections - anonymous and meaningless places)
87
What is cookie cutter housing
highly standerdised housing estates and suburbs which look uniform and generic
88
What is a 'Clone Town'
Settlements were the high street is dominated by chain stores - little room for independent shops or unique businesses.
89
When was the clone town survey launched
## Footnote
by who
2004
## Footnote
New Economics Foundation (NEF)
90
How is a clone town measured?
Walk down the high street and record the first 50 shops encountered. Note type and ownership (independed or chain).
to calculate its proportion of independent shops and type
placed on a scale from 0 (clone town) to 50 (Home Town)
91
What is a critiscm of placelessness
Local adaptation exists - international chains will come however may try and adapt to the local area - called glocalisation
Practical benefits - standardised envrionments provide accessibility, employment and convenience (might improve quality of life and community)
Cultural Resilience - even with change meaninful connections can still be formed through activies and practices.
92
What is glocalisation
the adaptation of global products, services or ideas to fit local cultures, tastes and traditions allowing global influences to coexist with local identity
## Footnote
E.g. mcdonalds menus vary from country to country
93
What are some external forces on a place?
Government policies
Transnational corporations
International institutions
94
How can Government Policies impact a place?
| Actions by them
Planning regulations (greenbelt to restrict urban sprawl)
Protecting heritage (listed buiding status)
Investing in infrastructure and regeneration projects
95
What are the Positive and Negative impacts of government policies on a place?
## Footnote
Planning regulations
Protecting heritage
Investing in infrastructure and regeneration projects
P:
- preserves envrionment and heritage
- Supports sustainable developent
- Improves infrastructure, housing, public services
- encourages economic growth
N:
- Restricitve planning can limit housing supply = higher prices
- Regeneration can lead to gentrification and displacement
- Policies may prioritise some areas over others = inequality
96
what actions can TNCs have on a place
Opening factories, offices or retail outlets
Outsourcing production to cheaper locations
Standardising products and services globally
97
What are the positives and negatives impacts of the decisions of TNCs on a place?
## Footnote
Opening factories, offices or retail outlets
Outsourcing production to cheaper locations
Standardising products and services globally
P:
- Provides jobs and investement
- Boost local economy and international trade
- Can introduce new technologies
N:
- Can dominate local markets, harming small businesses
- Profits often leave the local area, limiting local benefits
- Homogenisation of local culture contributing to placelessness
- Envrionemntal degradtion or exploitation of workers
98
Actions of International and global institutions
- Providing loans and evelopment aid / structural adjustments
Setting international standards / policies (heath, trade and regulations)
Coordinating disaster relaf and development projects
99
What are the Positive and Negative impacts of international/global institutions
P:
- fund infrastrcutre, education and healthcare
- promote international cooperation and disaster management
- encourage sustainable development and global standards
N:
- Conditional loans reduce local autonomy
- Policies may prioritise economic targets over social needs
- Increase inequality if benefits favour certain groups
100
How have some places 'localised'?
- Introducing own currencies (seen in brixton - 2009 Brixton Pound) - creates an economic resistance
- Farmers Markets and Community-Supported Agriculture - vital to support local economy over mass food production
- Independant Business Networks - share knowledge, resources and customers - wealth continues to foster in that area
101
How do past connections shape place?
- Migration (historical movements impact cultural diversity, language etc.)
- Trade and Economy (networks and resource availability
- Transport and infrastructure (growth and connectivity)
- Politics and administration (define boarders, structures and legal systems)
- Cultural heritage
## Footnote
Influence identity, economy, demographics, culture and built envrionment
102
How do present day connections shape place?
- Transport (local and global to support commuting, trade and tourism)
- Commerce and Services (link places economically, beyond local area)
- Migration and Cultural Exchanges (diversity)
- Digital Connections (National and Global audiences = more tourism)
- Tourism and Recreation (Global recognition in an international network)
## Footnote
More dynamic than past connections which can quickly reshape a places economy, culture and identity
103
104
How doe place meanings change
Place meaning is not fixed
It is very individual (altough collectives can have meaning to a place too).
Places change over time and therefore meaning will change too as experiences in the area change
Media can also have a huge impact
105
In the meaning of a place what 2 ideas are important
Sense of place - direct experiences, usually subjective and emotional
Perception of palce - the way the area is percieved by people and the media
106
Why is representation of place important
They shape the way people percieve a palce therefore also the meaning they attach to it.
Representation usually highlights certain featurs while igoring others so actual experience may be very different.
107
Types of representation of a place?
Media
Literature
Art (paintings, music etc.)
108
How can perception of place be influenced and manipulated
Socially Constructed and constantly negotiated
External agencies (gov., corporate bodies, tourist, communities) attempt to influence how places are experienced and valued
Can be done through placemaking, reimaging and rebranding
109
Example of reimaging a place
Glasgow
1990
City of Culture
From gritty Industrial City
to a hub of Art, Culture, and Creativity
110
Example of rebranding a place
Canary Wharf
from Derelict Docklands
to a Financial Powerhouse
111
How have the National and Local government impacted the perception of a place in the UK?
| Give a specific example
Reimaging and Rebranding
E.g. Stratford for the 2012 Olympics
Rebranded as a center of sports, culture and international connectivity. Investment into transport infrastructure and cultural facilities physically and symbolically reimaged the area
112
How can place marketing influence the perception of a place
| with example
Public Relation (PR) companies can be employed by the national and local governments to improve / create positive perceptions of a place
e.g. Let's Do London
- advertising (multi-channel)
- dedicated microsite to use campaign assets
- Brand identity - visuals, hashtags etc.
- Seasonal events, cultural offerings and promotions to enhance percpetions of london as vibrant, safe and renewed
113
How do Corporate Bodies influence the perception of a place?
| with example
Most Corporate Bodies have and intrest in a place but some will try to manipualte the perception of the place to better fit them
e.g. Battersea Power Station
Moved from Derelict industrial land to a lifestyle and commerical hub
High value image through architecture, luxury and leisure spaces
Key Body = Apple = center of innovation and global business
114
How can Tourist Organisations influence perception of place?
## Footnote
give example
Emphasise positive aspects of places to attract visitors - focus on heritage and entertainment
e.g. UK organisations include Visit Britain and others
Make the UK look as good as possible to attract many visitors. Brochures, videos, websites, magazine advertisements, slogans and logos
Create a unique selling point
## Footnote
Creates a media place people want to visit
115
How do Airline and Train companies influence perception of place
## Footnote
give example
Might manage perceptions but main focus is to encourage travel which increases tourist levels
Marketing, Advertising and Partnerships to create appealing destinations to highlight attractions, events and culture
Airlines advertise other destinations when flying with them to show the unique experiences they can over.
E.g. British Airways - promotes London, Edinburgh and other cities internationally by convincing with iconic landmarks and easy travel
116
How do community and local groups influence the perception of place?
'Glassroots perspective'
Prioritse social cohesion, cultural identity and authenticity - not just economic objectives
Manage and improve perceptions to attract investment to improve services and opportunities for residents
Local people are asked for regeneration strategies as they have 'insider' perspectives and knowledge - good for them as they are the most affected by the changes made
Social media is often used for this now
e.g. Hackney Wick - local artists and groups
work to improve the independant art and cultural identity - self led initiatives maintain the reputation as a creative hub - therefore contines to shape positive perceptions despite wide gentrification
117
List UK case study examples of reimaging and rebranding
place - stakeholder - strategy - outcome
Canary Wharf - Developers / investors - rebranding & place making - Financial district & symbol of wealth and modernity
Stratford - government - rebranding & reminaging - attracts investment and tourists & better services BUT mixed local opinions
Battersea Power Station - Corprate - rebranding - luxury and commerical hub & high value identity
Hackney Wick - Community - reimaging & place makig - maintained independent creative and cultural identity
118
Human Geography - A LEVEL
flashcards
Decks in class (7)
# Cards
