1
Q
What makes up a place identity?
A
Demographic, Culture, Built Enviroment, Natural, Socio-Economic, Political
2
Q
Built Characteristics of Brick Lane
A
- 3/4 stories high
- Attached buildings
- Mostly shops or restaurants
- Graffiti and modern art in streets
3
Q
Socio-Economic characteristics of Brick Lane
A
- Serial Killer Cafe
- Increasing Knowledge economy
- Lots of family owned shops
- Gentrification threatens diverse demographic and culture
- Still poverty but increasing affluence
- Large chain shop numbers increasing
- Large percentage of economically inactive people compared with rest of london
4
Q
Demographic characteristics of Brick Lane
A
- Equal numbers of males and females
- Youthful population (largest age range is 20-24)
Ethnicity: Spitafields and Banglatown 2011 - 41% Bangladeshi
- 27% White British (47% London, 81% England)
- 16% white other
5
Q
Cultural characteristics of Brick Lane
A
- 41% Muslim (12% muslim in London)
- 18% Christian (48% London)
Place of worship:
- Church early 1700s (1749)
- Synagogue 1897
- Mosque 1978
- Lots of art and vibrancy in the area
6
Q
Political Characteristic of Brick Lane
A
- Predominantly labour 72% (44,000 votes)
- Street art is associated with being anti-establishment giving political proactive messages
7
Q
Brick lane connection to british empire
A
PAST
- UK’s previous colonial Empire means more immigrants arriving in Brick Lane are likely to be of these nationalities
8
Q
Brick Lanes connection to EU
A
PAST / PRESENT
- When UK was in the Schengen zone and EU large amounts of migration occurred without border control from other EU countries - led to cultural hubs
- 70% of Brick Lane voted remain in the EU
- Lots of political graffiti about Brexit vote
- Trading and tourism from the EU benefited Brick Lane
9
Q
Brick Lane connections to rest of London
A
PAST / PRESENT
- Tourism bringing flows of money
- Historical connection with London docklands - imports and exports for silk weaving industry in the past
- UK government gave £50m to invest in East London’s tech city - to start gentrification and aim for a UK silicon valley
10
Q
Brick Lane connections to SE Asia
A
PAST / PRESENT
- Huge flow of people impacting identity of BL
- Pull factors of BL being cheap, chain migration caused them to cluster in the area
11
Q
BL connections to technology
A
PRESENT
- East london tech investment they gave tax breaks to encourage people to move here
- Build new connections for communication
- Set up of new trade and media
- Makes brick lane more globalized
12
Q
Brick Lane flows of money connections
A
PAST / PRESENT
- Trade building new connections
- Chain restaurants increase flows of money
- Premier Inn £21.4m invested - this attracts tourists which increases multiplier effect
- £50m into east london silicon valley
13
Q
Where is BL located?
A
East London, Tower Hamlets, Spitafields and Banglatown
Used to be called Whitechapel lane
Established in 1550
14
Q
Brief summary of BL history
A
- 1700s: Huguenots were first wave of immigration from France (protestant)
- Distinctive houses built for silk manufacturing as silk industry boomed
- Eastern European Jews replaced Huguenots in 1881 after assassination of the Tsar
- End of WW2 bought Muslims from Bangladesh who had served in the UK navy (part of BE)
15
Q
D6 location
A
- Former inner city residential area in Cape Town SA
16
Q
What was D6 like before the apartheid?
A
Built Enviroment - High density of residential 2-4 story housing - Services and shops on first floor - Constructed in 1930 SE - Affluent - Evidence of cars and electricity Natural - Mountainous - Table Mountain, - Costal - Small green open spaces among houses Demographic - Mix of age groups - Evidence of a black population - Large mix of ethnicities (Dutch, English, German, French, Indonesia, Caribbean) - last 2 from slavery Culture - Bustling streets and community feel - Jazz music and bars popular - Langram Sokkie
17
Q
What was the apartheid and what did it consist of?
When did it begin & end?
A
- Began in 1948
- No interracial marriages
- Segregation and white only areas
- Black people forced to move out of their homes
- White people became officially superior
- Black people forced to live in homelands
- Ended in 1994 (after work of Nelson Mandela and ANC)
18
Q
Important dates that led to segregation
A
1948 - Immorality Act, Mixed Marriage Act, Group Areas Act
11th Feb 1966 - D6 area declared white
1967 - Started forcing people to leave for the Cape Flats (60,000) 25km away
19
Q
How many families were in D6 before removals
A
Around 1800
20
Q
How many people were relocated to the cape flats from D6
A
60,000
21
Q
How many people were relocated in total from D6
A
150,000
22
Q
How far away are the Cape Flats from D6
A
25km
23
Q
How much did it cost to relocate people from D6?
A
30million Rand
24
Q
What was the population of D6 in 1985
A
3500
25
How many homes have been re-inhabbited in D6?
135
26
How much space in D6 does the Cape Technikon take up
50%
27
How many hectares are left to build on out of 150 in D6
42
28
District 6 connections to countries on global scale
PAST
Netherlands
- originally a dutch colony from 1652 to 1795, and from 1803 to 1806
UK
- Became part of BE 1910 to 1933
- This left significant cultural connections, mainly language
Caribbean and Eastern Europe
- Migration of slaves from Caribbean
- Jews came from Eastern Europe
These connections made D6 a multi-cultural place with vibrancy and diversity
29
D6 connections to rest of SA
PAST
- Became a product of Apartheid regime
- Created political ties across the country
30
D6 connections with the rest of CT
PAST + PRESENT
Cape Technikon
- Forms part of Cape Peninsula University of Technology built on D6 land
- 32,000 students leading to flows of young people and ideas
- provides job oppertunites catering for the large institution
Cape Town Port
- D6 is 1.25km from the port, and historically many dock workers have lived here
31
D6 connections to the periphery of Cape Town such as CT flats
PRESENT
- 60,000 people forced to leave for Cape Flats means there are now social links between families between D6 and CF
- Emotional attachment to previous homes
- Many work for D6 museum
32
Flows of people in D6
PAST + PRESENT
Tourism
- 28m visitors to CT in 2016
- 60,000 people a year visit D6 museum a year, 50,000 of these are international tourists
- 18th largest attraction in CT out of 189
Immigration
- East Europe, UK, Netherlands, Portugal, France, Germany, Caribbean
- students moving to D6 for cape technikon - 30,000
33
Flows of ideas in D6
PAST / PRESENT
- Young peoples ideas at Cape Technikon
- Apartheid heavily influenced D6 future
- D6 is a centre of cultural heritage through its jazz and langram music
34
Flows of money in D6
PAST / PRESENT
- Money from government to forcibly relocate people
- Money from government for construction and development of Cape Technikon
- Money from tourists entering local community through D6 museum
- Recent private construction firms now gentrifying the area with new houses and apartments
35
How has D6 lost its sense of place?
- Lost many historical buildings and houses, aswell as diversity, life and culture that cant be restored
- Still has a strong place identity due to historical events that took place
36
Where is Alcatraz located
San Francisco, 1.25 miles north of the mainland in San Francisco Bay (Pacific Ocean)
37
Alcatraz background
- Never any female prisoners
- 336 is max number of prisoners
- No facilities for capital punishment
- Allowed visitors once a month
- in 1969 Native Americans occupied Alcatraz
- No confirmed escapes
- Originally inhabited by military prisoners
38
How is Alcatraz seen through informal representations?
Alcatraz is shown as extremely eerie and isolated to those that have never visited through the media. “Brutal hellhole”
The types of media below don’t acknowledge prisoners free time, lessons or workshops such as weaving or the communal side of the island with bands.
Films
- Escape from Alcatraz, The rock.
TV
- Simpson’s or Scooby Doo
Video game’s
- Black Ops 4 map on Call of Duty
39
How is Alcatraz seen by the prisoners?
NEGATIVE
A notorious prison - representation for brutality
Cells & solitary confinement - isolated, inhumane
Barbed wire and fencing - protected & violent atmosphere
Guards patrol everywhere - no privacy
Little freedom - could only play certain games like handball with little free time
James Johnston (1st warden) - very rigid routine, no talking even at meal times. If they did they stayed in the dungeon or D block.
POSITIVE
Good food selections - food was noted to be better than other prisons
Strict routine - clean and safer than other prisons, grateful to be there.
Inmate band, rubber shop, trades and weaving - inmates were allowed to learn and practice skills, something to work towards.
40
How is Alcatraz seen by the residents and guards on the island?
About 300 civilians including women & children living in building 64.
POSITIVE
Families enjoyed: bowling alley, a small convenience store, soda fountain shop.
Good accommodation.
NEGATIVE
Children weren’t allowed toy guns
Magazines had to be carefully destroyed
Razors, knives and silverware had to be thrown into the bay.
QUOTES
Lageson (son of officer):
- “I have nothing but happy memories from living here”.
- “ My best memory was my relationships wit all the other kids… we were such a close knit group”
Don Hurley (son of officer):
- “The children would yell, ‘Merry Christmas’ to the inmates… each year i though that our happiest night must have been one of their saddest.”
41
How is Alcatraz seen by native Americans?
- The Indigenous Peoples Sunrise Gathering is an annual event (Unthanksgiving Day).
- It commemorates the 20th Nov. 1969 protest event, where ‘Indians of all tribes’ took over Alcatraz for 19months to stand up for answers as to why a treaty for Indian right was dishonoured.
- Many make pilgrimages to the island.
- It is seen as a very special place and a part of their history.
42
Twin Towers location and finished date of construction
Lower Manhattan, New York
| 4th April 1973
43
What were the twin towers like before 9/11
Consisted of 2 towers (north & south) which were the tallest buildings in the world.
Commercial and used as a trading centre, large offices for finance.
A symbol of US power and western capitalism.
50,000 people worked permanently and fast paced with luxury lives.
A final testament to New York being the centre of the financial world.
44
Describe the 9/11 attack
How many people were killed, injured and how much did property damage cost
September 11th 2001
Conducted by Islamic terrorise group Al-Qaeda
4 planes hijacked by 19 terrorists: 2 heading for the towers, one hit the pentagon, one headed for White House but crash landed after passengers overcame the hijackers.
Killed 3000 people and injured 6000 others.
$10bn damage property
45
What is at the twin tower site after 9/11?
A memorial
- opened 2011
- 400 white oak trees.
- Pools and waterfall with names of victims inscribed.
A museum
- opened in 2014
- houses artefacts including steal from the twin towers, wrecked emergency vehicles, pictures of victims, 9/11 phone calls from planes and inside.
One world trade centre
- tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. 1776ft
- same name as the north tower, also nicknamed “freedom tower”
- “Chinese centre” helping US-Chinese business links.
46
How did the meaning of the twin towers site change after the attack?
Now a centre for mourning as well as tourism.
Many go to pay respect, leave flowers or learn about the history.
Used for reflection, remembrance and sorrow.
A very calm place with trees trapping out the business of new york.
47
The ground zero mosque - 9/11
| Reasons for & against
REASONS FOR:
- Many Muslims also died in the attacks.
- By not building the mosque radial Islamic views are automatically associated with all Islamic views which is extremely unfair.
- A strip club is located closer than the mosque would be.
REASONS AGAINST:
- Remains of victims from the attacks were found out 348ft away.
- many think the building would serve as a symbol of victory for Islamic terrorism.
48
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of increased integration and interdependence of the global economy. 
49
Timespace compression definition
Timespace compression also called the shrinking of the world effect, this is the perception that places feel closer together than in the past due to reduce travel or ease of communication.
50
Three ways the world has become more interconnected
1) Increase in ways of travel, cheaper travel, and improvement in travel
2) Technology becoming more affordable and easier to transport. this increases communication around the world and encourages globalisation.
3) TNCs have encouraged development and less developed countries. This increases flows of money and ideas and spreads different cultures around the world.

51
Definition of containerisation.
Transportation by container three lorries being driven onto ships or containers been taken off the lorry and put on another without individual crates being moved,
52
Why do TNCs globalise?
The key reasons for globalisation are heading for comparative advantages:
- Access to skilled labour
- access to low-cost labour
- access to low-cost materials
- access the less regulation
- access to markets to sell products.
53
What are the main characteristics of a TNC
International division of labour, massive turnovers, multinational operations, long supply chains
54
Pros and cons of TNCs
Pros:
- Money on by local people goes into the local economy-multiplier effect.
- Improve energy production.
- Local people education and skills can be improved.
- Local infrastructure such as roads and airports can be improved.
Cons:
- Locals paid low wages and a few of the managers are local people.
- Most of the profits go abroad-economic leakages. -Pollution.
- Social economic insecurity-TNCs might pull out without warning.
- Poor working conditions-long hours with little time for brakes, safety can be compromised, health can be jeopardised.
55
Informal Representations
- How places are portrayed for a diversity of media.
- Examples: television, film, music, art, photography, literature, graffiti, and blogs.
- These often take an individual slant on things – they are contested.
- It is subjective.
56
Formal representations
- For agencies who outlines data with clear locational positioning.
- Examples: census data, UK roadmaps, geology map.
- These are things that are factual and objective.
57
Social inequality definition
The unequal distribution and unequal access to factors such as income, housing, education or health across a population.
58
List and describe indicators for social inequality.
GNI: measures income by totalling the amount of goods and services produced within the country by exports/ imports
GINI COEFFICIENT: Measured between 0 and 1, 1 being 1 person owning the countries income.
HOUSING TENURE: % of people who have a legal right to rent/ own their property.
ADULT LITERACY: % of adults who can read and write.
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE: the number of people without a job in the working age divide by all people currently in the labour force.
LIFE EXPECTANCY: average number of years a person is expected to live.
HDI: measure between 0(worse) and 1(better) - combination of GNI per capita, life expectancy and average years of schooling.
59
How many people are illiterate, earn less than $2 a day, in control of 50% of money, starving, have internet, have clean water as a percentage of the world population?
```
Illiterate = 14%
Earning less than $2 a day = 15%
In control of 50% of the money = 1%
Starving = 10%
Have clean water = 74%
Have internet = 63%
```
60
What is life like in a deprived area?
Poverty - low wages or unemployment.
Poor living conditions - poor accommodation, overcrowding, rundown.
Ill-health - stress and unfit working or living environment.
Poor education - old schools, poor teaching.
Lower life expectancy - restricted meals and poor health.
Crime & vandalism - drugs and drinking on the streets, theft due to poverty, graffiti, litter, bars on windows for safety.
61
What is ab IMD?
What are Cambridges and Birminghams IMDs?
IMD - The Index of Multiple Deprivation, comparison of poverty, the higher the IMD the more deprived.
```
Cambridge = Rank 227
Birmingham = Rank 7
```
62
Comparisons of education and employment for inequality in Cambridge and Birmingham
Birmingham
Higher levels of employment.
More skilled and educated workers in the centre, northern suburbs and south-eastern quarter.
Less educated people located on the boarders.
Cambridge
Spread out education and employment.
High quality education in the south and west.
Central, southern and western Cambridge has the highest employment decile.
63
Why is there a difference in deprivation between Cambridge and Birmingham?
(Consider: University, Proximity to London, Silicon Fen, economic base)
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (1209)
Owns £11.8bn across its colleges.
Fellows and employees highly paid.
Huge draw of tourism generating over £750mil a year.
University of Birmingham doesn’t have the same Oxbridge reputation or history.(1900)
PROXIMITY TO LONDON
Cambridge is 106Km away from London
Cambridge has a 53min train.
Receives lots of investment and flows of people, ideas & money.
People with high paid jobs in London live in Cambridge to avoid London house prices - Multiplier effect.
Birmingham is 190Km away from London
Birmingham has a minimum 2hr train.
This might change with the addition of HS2 making it a 52min train journey to London.
SILICON FEN
More than 1,500 technology and research companies have set up head quarters in Cambridge.
5 of these are in the billion-dollar plus category.
AstraZeneca - spent more than £300m and brought in 2,000 researchers.
ECONOMIC BASE
Cambridge has high paid quaternary scientific research jobs.
Birmingham has a primarily secondary work force.
Birmingham’s industry also closed down leading to high rates of unemployment during 1980s.
64
Describe the pattern of deprivation in Cambridge.
Deprivation is mostly found in the north or east of Cambridge with roughly 10% most deprived particularly in Kings Hedges.
Queen Edith’s is one of the most least deprived areas.
South and North West are least deprived.
65
Why does social inequality occur within Cambridge?
| Consider: University, proximity to transport links, Science Park, Addenbrooke’s
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY (1209)
- Rich establishment (£11.8bn) yet struggle to pay “the real living wage” of £9 an hour.
- All the wealth is stored instead of supporting the people.
- Divisions with Town and Gown.
- Drives in scientists and digital workers from al lover the world. This drives up house prices making it unreasonable for locals.
PROXIMITY TO TRANSPORT LINKS
- Only central Cambridge, along Hills road and on -Station road have easy access to the station.
- These areas benefit through good transport links to London.
- Big business comes through here and not areas less connected.
CAMBRIDGE SCIENCE PARK
- The Science park is on the North-Eastern edge of the city.
- Contains over 130 businesses making it important in creating jobs, diversifying research and work sectors.
- Brings in foreign investment exacerbating inequality.
ADDENBROOKE’S
- World-renowned hub for medical research brings in foreign interest & investment.
- Lots of highly paid workers live nearby creating inequality.
66
What is Cambridge’s GINI coefficient and what does it tell you?
GINI COEFFICIENT = 0.460
It’s the least equal city in England & Wales.
Great deal of social inequality.
Very expensive place to live - if you have a low income you will struggle to afford a life in Cambridge and accessing the property ladder.
Leads to homelessness - 159 homeless.
67
What are some characteristics of economic boom?
- A fast growth in consumption, helped by rising incomes, strong confidence and a surge in house prices and share prices
- More jobs created and falling unemployment and higher real wages
- High demand for imports - causes the economy to have a larger trade deficit
- Government tax revenues rise - increased investment and spending
- Pickup in demand for capital goods
68
What are some characteristics of economic recession?
- The budget deficit is rising quickly
- Large price discounts offered by buisnesses to sell excess stock
- Rise in number of buisness failures
- Rising unemployment
- Fall in purchases of components and raw materials
- Loss in confidence
- Government tax revenues fall causing less investment
69
Evidence of social inequality in Cambridge - Crime Rates
Name the safest and most dangerous ward’s and their national crime rate comparison.
Describe overall patterns and explain why.
Safest ward: Queen Edith’s.
National crime comparison: under 30%
Dangerous ward: Market.
National crime comparison: 200%+
Relatively safe city aside from bicycle thefts. This is why crime is more common int he city centre due to more bikes to steal and night life.
Crime is also in Kings Hedges and western side of Cambridge.
70
Evidence of social inequality in Cambridge - Digital divide
Which wards have the highest and lowest broadband download speed?
Example of poor effort from the city council.
Describe the impacts of inequality connectivity.
Queen Edith’s = high
Market (town centre) = low
Cambridgeshire County Council was allocated 1,589 laptops for disadvantages students by the government, but following a review this was downgraded to 419.
Unequal access to internet has impact on accessing jobs, working from home, online shopping and leisure activities.
Where connectivity is low, businesses are less likely to set up.
71
What is an economic boom?
When real nation output is rising at a rate faster than the trend rate of growth
72
What is an economic recession?
A fall in the level of real national output (a period when growth is negative) for two yearly quarters, leading to a contraction in employment, incomes and profits.
73
What are some characteristics of economic boom?
- A fast growth in consumption, helped by rising incomes, strong confidence and a surge in house prices and share prices
- More jobs created and falling unemployment and higher real wages
- High demand for imports - causes the economy to have a larger trade deficit
- Government tax revenues rise - increased investment and spending
-
74
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: EDUCATION
How many of the top 10 schools in Cambridge are independent?
Where in the city are the high achieving state schools found?
8 of the top 10 schools in Cambridge are independent.
The high achieving state schools are found around long road/hills road - Queen Edith’s / Trumpington wards.
Majority are found in the South, none in Arbery, Kings hedges.
Good grades are weighted towards independent schools which are expensive - families need a large disposable income.
75
What are some characteristics of economic recession?
- The budget deficit is rising quickly
- Large price discounts offered by buisnesses to sell excess stock
- Rise in number of buisness failures
76
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: INCOME
Queen Edith’s & King’s Hedges % of children in low income families.
Fact about ranking of deprivation in country.
% of children in low income families
Queen Edith’s - 7.9%
King’s Hedges - 23.6%
Wards like Castle, Newnham and Queen Edith’s are among the 20% least deprived areas in the country.
Wards like King’s Hedges are among the 20% most deprived.
77
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: INCOME
Qualitative research - 2 quotes from low income house holds
“Once I have bought food, gas, electric bills and the essentials I have no money left ”
“She was learning swimming but it’s really expensive and I had to stop yesterday because I can’t afford it.”
78
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: INCOME
How does low income influence social inequality?
Families with low incomes feel embarrassed due to stigma and feeling helpless.
Can lead to stress and poor mental health - exclusion & anxiety.
Children cant enjoy the clubs friends do - parents eel guilty and child feels isolated socially.
79
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: GENDER
Employment rates for Men and Women
What percentage of lone parent families are women run?
Women in Cambridge are a less likely to be in employment than men.
Employment rate for women = 71.5% (2016)
Employment rate for men = 82.6% (2016)
90% of lone parent families are headed up by women.
80
What is the background geography of Kenya?
- Population of 48m
- Climate: warm, humid tropical, NE is very arid/ semi arid
- Physical Geography: Mount Kenya (2nd highest in Africa >5000m above sea level. Highlands to the west. Part of East African rift.
- Cash crops: tea and coffee
- Key exports: fresh flowers to Europe
- Recent history: British from 1895 to 1963 then independence
- GDP per capita: $1,500
81
What is the Clark Fisher model for structural economic change?
A change in the economic structure of a model country over time
82
What is the definition of New International Division of Labour
A term used by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced countries to developing countries; the process of production is no longer confined to national economies.
83
What is structural economic change?
Structural economic change is when an economy changes the makeup of its economic base. Typically developing countries follow the pattern shown in the Clark-Fisher Model.
84
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: HEALTH
Life expectancy for King’s Hedges & Queen Edith’s (2010-2014)
How does longer life expectancy impact social inequality?
Life expectancy, persons (2010 - 2014)
King’s Hedges - 78.2 yrs
Queen Edith’s - 86 yrs
People living longer, healthier life’s will be able to accumulate more wealth and enjoy their life’s for longer.
85
Factors that influence social inequality across Cambridge: AGE
Elderly demographic
What percentage of pensioners in Cambridge claim Housing Benefits?
What percent of people aged 75 and over live alone.
What percentage of old people are in contact with family or friends once a month?
What percentage of Queen Edith’s and Kings hedges are pensioners?
18%, nearly 1 pensioner household in 5 in Cambridge is claiming Housing Benefit.
51% of all people aged 75 and over live alone.
11% are in contact with family, friends or neighbours only once a month.
% of pensioners
Queen Edith’s - 9.1%
King’s Hedges - 5%
86
Statistic about richest and poorest 10% in Nairobi
10 percent of the population of Nairobi accrues 45.2 percent of income, and the poorest 10 percent only 1.6 percent
87
What does 'Hustler nation' mean in reference to Kenya
- Most work is informal.
| - More than 80% of the population work in the informal economy.
88
What is One Africa Place?
1. 21 floor building with 138000sq ft of space
2. 100% Back up power
3. 6 high speed lifts
4. Double glazed solar efficient glass - Energy saving of 35%
5. Face Recognition Cameras
89
Cultural identity of Nairobi?
- Very lively
| - Some culture has been lost to the idea of a typical modern city
90
How does social inequality impact upon people’s daily lives?
Consider: Food, gender, housing for young & old, life expectancies and education.
1) Families struggle to buy quantity and quality food increasing obesity and poor health.
2) Gender inequality see’s men being bale to do more leisure activities with a greater financial strain on women. The gender pay gap still exists.
3) Young people find it difficult to access the property pay gap causing stress, anxiety and forcing them out of the area entirely.
4) Differences in life expectancy causes some to live longer and healthier lives accumulating wealth to spend on luxuries.
5) Many old people suffer from loneliness and financial issues leading to distress leading to a 50% increase likelihood of developing dementia.
6) Inequality in education sees the richer get richer and poor get poorer due to higher quality education leading to better employment.
91
Ways in which the government reduce inequality
| Progressive taxation - description.
A higher percentage of tax is taken from people with higher incomes encourages equality.
Those with disposable money have it put back into the economy for infrastructure and benefits for all whilst those who cant afford to pay great amounts of tax keep enough money to get them by.
92
Demographical identity of Nairobi
- There is a very small elderly population in Kibera slum compared with the rest of Kenya
- Slum population pyramid is more male dominated
- There are large bulges in slums population pyramids for children and people in their mid twenties.
93
Socio-Economic inequality in Nairobi
- Some good hospitals - not accessible to all
- 'Crime capital of Africa'
- Malaria free
- More than half the population lives in slums
- Kibera slum is known to be dangerous
- 1% of people in Kibera have their rubbish collected
- Less than 1/5 people living in Nairobis informal settlements have acess to piped water, compared with 71% for the whole city
- Large inequality between rich (TNCs) and poor (slums)
- 1% of people in Kibera have their rubbish collected
94
Ways in which the government reduce inequality
Pupil premium - description.
Fact’s about school meals and local authority care.
A sum of money is given to o schools each year by the government to improve the attainment of disadvantaged children.
Intended to directly benefit children who are eligible, helping to narrow the gap between them and their classmates.
Schools are given a pupil premium for children who qualified for free school meals - £1300 per child.
Children who have been looked after under local authority care for more than 1 say are awarded £1900.
95
Ways in which the government reduce inequality
‘Levelling up’ - description.
Consider: public investment, civil servants, apprenticeships and support for the fishing industry.
Latest plan proposes to increase public investment in research and development outside the south east of England by 40% by 2030.
Give areas outside of London more control of how investment is made - pledged to have 22,000 civil servants outside London by the end of the decade.
Level up skills using apprenticeships and a £3bn National Skills Fund – aim to have 200,000 more people a year completing high-quality skills training in England by 2030.
£23m support scheme to cover losses incurred in the fishing industry and £100m fund to modernise fishing fleets and rejuvenate coastal fishing facilities.
96
Ways in which the government increase inequality
Uneven transport investment - description.
Fact about money spend on transport per person for north and south.
North-south divide is accentuated by difference in transport investment.
Department for Transport will spend just £280 per person in the North over the next four years of Conservative government – compared with £1,870 per person in London.
97
Ways in which the government increase inequality
Rising university costs - description.
Fact’s about interest charge, increase in tuition fees and increase in student debt.
Students in England & Wales will face a sharp increase in interest rates on tuition fees and maintenance loans.
The rising levels of debt will cast a long financial shadow over young people’s lives.
Interest is charged while students are still at university at the level of inflation plus 3%.
Increase in tuition fees to £9250 for uni’s in England.
Increases in student debt: the amount owed in 2017 reaches £76bn compared to £34bn in 2011.
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Ways in which the government increase inequality
Cuts to NHS - description.
Fact’s about waiting list and new financial cut order.
Some GPs have been forced to stop providing everyday medications to those unable to pay for them as a result of cuts in the NHS funding.
For some the £9 prescription cost is too much and adds up if frequently taking medicine.
Waiting lists for hospital care just topped 4 million people.
The NHS is ordered to cut an impossible £22bn by 2020.
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Facts about Kibera Slum
Built Enviroment, Socio-Economic, Demographic - aim for 2 from each
Built Enviroment:
- Kibera can be described as 'Rank' - Bill Bryson in
'African Diary'
- 95% of houses lack adequate sanitation
- Most houses are built from mud, timber and corrugated iron
Socio-Economic:
- 1% of people in Kibera have their rubbish collected
- Kibera slum is known to be dangerous
- 1/5 people have acess to clean piped water
- Poor education - no government run schools
- Work is unreliable and poorly paid (average wage is 32p a day)
- 40% of Kiberans can't afford to buy food on a a daily basis
- No government run health centres
- All schools and health centres are run by NGOs and poorly equipped.
Demographic:
- Young people aged 10-24 years make up 30.6% of Nairobi slum residents as of 2012
- 47 percent of female adolescents aged 15-24 years in Nairobi’s slums had begun childbearing compared to 30.5 percent among their counterparts in Nairobi
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Spatial Inequalities in Nairobi - Central Buisness District
Central Buisness District - Located in centre of city
- Centre for administration
- Includes parliament buildings
- Kenyatta international conference centre
- commerce and shopping
- Important economic hub in east Africa (established by British)
101
The role of government in Cambridge towards equality - The building of Cambridge North Station
Facts about the building:
How many passengers a day?, How big is the station?, How much did it cost?, how much parking and bike racks?
3,000 passengers a day.
4,800 sq ft - 3 platforms accommodating 12 car trains.
£50million.
Accommodates for 450 cars and 1,000 bikes.
102
The role of government in Cambridge towards equality - One Cambridge ~ Fair for all.
Describe the living wage scheme
The living wage campaign has succeeded in increase the number of Cambridge employers accredited by the Living Wage Foundation to 75.
Includes companies such as Anglia Ruskin University and Cambridge live.
These 75 employers commit to a minimum wage of £9.90 an hour compared to £8.91.
This helps more than 1500 employees.
103
Spatial Inequalities in Nairobi - Site and Service Scheme housing
Site and Service Scheme housing - North east
- Deondora houses over 120,000 people - part of governments 'site and service' scheme
- Encoraged people to build their own houses, with the council providing cheap materials
- Council then installed tap water, toilets and electricity
- Located next to rubbish dump with poor quality housing
104
The role of government in Cambridge towards equality - One Cambridge ~ Fair for all.
Describe how the council are creating affordable homes.
New developers must have 25% of homes on site of 11-14 units being affordable with 40% on sites of 15 or more.
This has resulted in the construction of 684 affordable homes in places such as Trumpington Meadows and Great Kneighton between April 2014 and March 2017.
105
The role of government in Cambridge towards equality - One Cambridge ~ Fair for all.
Describe Cambridge cities food bank
Over a 2 year period Cambridge city council have paid the rent for Cambridge city food bank.
Food bank provided residents in financial crisis with £30,000 in pre-payment meter energy top-ups and 55,000kg of food with a value of £90,000
This is the equivalent of less than £1 per person per year.
106
The role of government in Cambridge towards equality - One Cambridge ~ Fair for all.
Describe the council tax reduction scheme
An estimate £6.3m of Government and City Council funding was used to provide 6500 residents in Cambridge a council tax reduction in 2016.
This is equivalent to the bottom 5% benefitting.
107
The role of government in Cambridge towards equality - One Cambridge ~ Fair for all.
Describe free lunches
3020 free lunches were provided during the school holidays between Easter to half term 2016-2017 at various locations including Arbury and King’s Hedges.
This means 46 children will have had 5 days of means over the 13 weeks of holiday.
108
Definition of a Player
An individual or organisation with an interest and/or influence in actions, decisions or operations. Places are influenced by a range of players operating at different scales.
109
Describe a public player
This includes the government. But also larger governmental bodies such as the EU.
Public players can influence economic change through grants and investment for infrastructural development for example.
110
Describe a private player
This includes a wide range of different people and organisations; businesses can range from TNCs to those who are self-employed.
111
Describe local communities (players)
This includes those who live in an area and are interested in economic change as well as environmental and social matters.
112
Describe Non-governmental organisations (players)
This includes both small local groups and larger bodies such as the National Trust.
113
describe the EU (players)
This larger public player can influence economic change by investing or divesting in a place or an activity.
114
Describe the local government (players)
This public player works on a smaller scale. It carries out the planning and implementation for strategic planning such as education and transport infrastructure.
115
Describe the national government (players)
This player tried to stimulate economic growth, sustain existing employment and create new jobs.
116
Describe the English heritage (players)
This player works to retain and bring to life the history of a place. This will have an impact on employment opportunities and the environment as areas are protected from new development.
117
International players: The EU & economic change
States 3 ways that the EU has driven economic change in the UK between 1973-2020.
1) Migration has increased since the Uk joined the EU. Low paid and skilled workers join the primary and secondary work force allowing those educated to work in the tertiary and quaternary - boosted economic development.
2) Funding has allowed the development of new projects or businesses. Allowed the development of scientific discoveries or produces selling them across the world, improving the economy.
3) Trade links have provided many jobs and reduces tariffs. Trade was cheaper and easier allowing improvement & development in the economy.
However - this negatively impacted local businesses as they were outcompeted by trade taking money away from local areas.
118
Spatial Inequalities in Nairobi - Low, Middle and High income residential areas
Middle income residential areas - South East of city
- originally built for Asians who worked in the industrial area (proximity to work was key)
High income residential areas - West of city
- Located on Nairobi Hill, Westlands, and Parklands
- Wealthy European colonists
- Cooler climate and nicer enviroment than rest of city meaning quality of life is better
- Includes parks and a golf cours
- Used to be white only, now multi-race just depends on wealth
Low income residential areas - Centre and east of city
- Poor soils make poor foundations for housing, and less attractive to developers
- Includes flats - 3 to 5 stories high
- Often improved shanty settlements
- 'Eastlands' house the African working class.
119
Spatial Inequalities in Nairobi - Slums
Slums - Outskirts of city
- Formed as a result of rapid urbanisation, inadequate provision of housing, and a corrupt land allocation process.
- Formed away from the CBD and on land originally considered un-usable.
- Main areas are Kibera (south-west), the Mathare Valley (North) and Kariobangi (North-east)
120
Spatial Inequalities in Nairobi - Site and Service Scheme housing
Site and Service Scheme housing - North east
- Deondora houses over 120,000 people - part of governments 'site and service' scheme
- Encoraged people to build their own houses, with the council providing cheap materials
- Council then installed tap water, toilets and electricity
- Located next to rubbish dump with poor quality housing
121
International institutions: MNCs / TNCs impacts as players
Operate in multiple countries
International division of labour - HQs in global ‘North’ and production in global ‘South’
Huge incomes - turnovers bigger than many countries’ GDPs
More powerful than small counties
Strong hand in negotiations - they control the terms of trade otherwise they will pull out
Often footloose - able to move for comparative advantages such as lower taxes, lax environmental laws or low wages.
122
International institutions: The World Bank impacts as players
An international financial organisation formed in 1944 bases in Washington USA.
2 aims set to be achieved by 2030:
1) End extreme poverty by decreasing % of people living on less than $1.90 a day.
2) Promote share prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country.
Provides low interest loans to developing countries for capital programs and gives out grants e.g. building infrastructure.
10k employees in 120 offices worldwide.
Has a key role in climate change and food security whilst investing in education, infrastructure, health, agriculture and the environment.
123
How has the physical geography of Nairobi led to spatial inequality?
- Poor soils in east of city only able to hold poor quality housing
- Major rives Ngong and Mathare have created flood plains and marginal land used by slums
- Nairobi hill provides elevation with nicer conditions used by wealthy house owners
124
How has rapid urbanisation caused social inequality in Nairobi?
- Struggled to keep pace with demand for services
- Not enough quality housing, forcing people into slums
- Land in slums is not officially recognised so there are no essential services
125
How has British rule influenced Nairobi's social inequlities?
- Luxury housing sectors were set up during British rule (these still persist today and cause inequalities in oppertunity)
- British rule left some infastructure which has benefited the city
126
How have the government impacted inequality in Nairobi?
- Not recognising land ownership of slum dwellers - turned a blind eye to people in need
- The site and services scheme helped improve the quality of life for many inhabitants
127
International institutions: The IMFs impacts as players
Organisation of 189 countries aiming to foster monetary cooperation set up in 1945 in Washington USA.
Aims: Facilitates international trade, promotes high employment and sustainable economic growth, poverty reduction.
3k employees from 148 different countries.
Biggest borrowers: Portugal, Greece, Ukraine, Pakistan.
Biggest loans currently out: Mexico, Poland, Colombia, Mexico.
Money lent = $700bn.
Money is from the member of states who pay a quota based on relative size in world economy.
128
Describe the history of Birmingham before 1950 with reference to important Players.
* The first players to influence change were the Bermingham family who purchased a royal charter in 1166 that allowed them to hold a market - the place then began to grow as a result of trade, a theme that continued to the present day.
* Entrepreneur and engineer, Matthew Boulton, was a key player in moving the industrial base of the town forward. Establishing the first ever factory in the world in 1761, 'Soho Manufactury' brought 700 employees together along with complete industrial processes.
* Manufacturing industries dominated in the 1800s, such as the Bournville factory set up on the outskirts of the city by the Cadbury family.
* The London to Birmingham Railway, opening in 1838, connected Birmingham to the south and it also lay in the heart of the national canal network.
* New engineering industries developed as the car industry expanded, including the Austin car plant which opened in 1906 at Longbridge.
* Hundreds of smaller firms, needed to supply the vehicle industry with components, grew around the city. This included the Dunlop tyre company, founded in 1917 in Birmingham, which established a large factory, employing 10,000 by the 1950s.
* A chemical industry developed, 1900-1950, with Bakelite being manufactured in the city - this diversity of metal-working industries meant the city survived the Great Depression relatively well.
129
Describe the spilt in primary, secondary and tertiary employment within Birmingham in the 1950s.
Mention the unemployment rate.
The major employment was secondary and in metals - 50% of the work force.
- 2.5% in textiles and leather
The next largest category was tertiary employment.
- 12% in commerce
- 4.5% public until it’s and government
- 4.4% professions.
There was little primary work.
- 1.5% agriculture and mining.
Unemployment was below 1% from 1950-1960.
130
What is cyclical economic change?
The concept of periods of financial strength will be followed by periods of decline.
131
How large is the Birmingham economy?
- Second largest city economy in UK - (£120bn)
| - Dominated by service sector
132
How many universities are in Birmingham?
6
133
When did Birmingham come to force?
Came to force during the industrial revolution - invented the steam engine
134
What is the definition of placemaking?
A multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces. It is about improving peoples lives and about how society and the enviroment will benefit.
135
Describe the demographics of Birmingham
Age & Gender
Ethnicities & Migration
GENDER:
Even amount of males and females - slightly more females between 15-30.
AGE:
Majority of the population if 15-39 with less teenagers and more children.
The city has a relatively youthful population compared with England.
24yr olds: 38% Birmingham.
Elderly people: 13% Birmingham, 16% UK.
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ETHNICITIES:
53% white British
13.5% Pakistani
6% Indian.
1950 onwards saw significant international migration to Birmingham. Mostly from the Caribbean, South Asia and Far East.
47,000 Caribbean residents (2011).
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136
What is the power of 10+ rule.
The idea that to be successful, a city needs 10 destinations where people want to be. What makes each destination special is that it has 10 places within it.
137
Why is getting public space important?
Because it is the 'interface' between our homes where many important events happen.
138
What city is a good example of placemaking?
Chicago - outlined the 11 key principles of placemaking and urban design - studied by many urban planners.
139
What are the benefits of great places?
- Improved accessibility
- Builds and supports the local economy
- Fosters social interaction
- Promotes health
- Nurtures and defines sense of community
- Promotes sense of comfort
140
How did external forces influence economic change in Birmingham in the second half of the 20th century.
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Global recessions
TNCs
Strikes
Suffering of SMEs
Deprivation within housing
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Mention the new unemployment rate.
GLOBAL RECESSIONS:
Caught up in global recession of 1970s, with the 1973 oil crisis.
Oil price increased tenfold.
Shook the global economic system including Birmingham in which traditional industries were already suffering.
TNCs:
Traditional industries began to suffer from oversees competition of TNCs who benefited from lower production costs.
The British vehicle industry declines as Japanese cares began to enter the British market - main source of income is car manufacture in Birmingham.
- They were seen as more reliable and better value for money e.g. VW and Peugeot.
STRIKES:
Frequent strikes in the car industry (1970s) made Birmingham less attractive to prospective investors.
SUFFERING of SMEs:
SMEs (Small & Medium Enterprises) were demolished in the local authorities plan for comprehensive redevelopment.
This hindered development as many were left unemployed and the basis of Birminghams industry had been lost.
Unemployment reached 19.4% in 1982.
DEPRIVATION WITHIN HOUSING:
5000 houses destroyed in WW1 led to 110,000 substandard houses in Birmingham post war.
Over 81,000 new dwellings were built 1945-1970.
141
Definition of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
Where do most FDI flows come from?
Where do most FDI flows go to?
It is an investment made by a company or an individual in one country in businesses interest in another country.
Mostly comes from ACs.
Over 60% go to other ACs.
142
How much FDI is sent per annum?
Impact globalisation is having on FDI
Largest recipients of FDI
Approximately $1.3 trillion per annum
Interconnected nature of the world is seeing approximately a 10% growth every year in FDI volumes.
Largest recipients are China, Hong Kong, USA, UK and Singapore.
143
What is Business Birmingham?
An organisation that tries to show off the best parts of Birmingham trying to encourage investment for further regeneration and development within the city.
144
Why Business Birmingham this FDI into Birmingham is a good idea.
Facts: number of visitors, what’s the quality of life like?, how many graduates from how many universities.
Top ten cities to visit with a record 34million visitors.
Highest quality of life outside London.
320,000 regional graduates from 18 universities.
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Facts about FDI in Birmingham.
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HINTS:
Comparison of amount of FDI in Birmingham to other regions.
How many projects per year.
How many jobs created.
Where is the FDI going?
What was the biggest FDI and how much?
Where does most investment come from?
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More FDI projects in Birmingham than any other region (2014)
Around 100 projects per year in the last 5 years.
5000 jobs created through FDI.
More that 50% is in the manufacturing sector.
Biggest FDI was Jaguar, Land Rover £1.5th investment in Solihull site.
Most investment comes from US & Germany.
146
What will the economic boost to Birmingham's city centre per year?
£2bn a year
147
What are the 4 attributes that make a great place
- Acess and Linkages: They are accessible and well connected to other important places
- Comfort and Image: They are comfortable and project a good image
- Uses and Activites: They attract people to participate in activites there
- Sociability: They are sociable environments in which people want to gather and visit again and again.
148
What are the benefits of great places?
- Improved accessibility
- Builds and supports the local economy
- Fosters social interaction
149
Overview of the Library of Birmingham
- New library in centenary square
- Cost £193m
- Seen by the council as the flagship project of the redevelopment of Birmingham
- Library holds 800,000 books - set to become largest in Britain
150
What will the Birmingham Curzon be? (not yet completed)
- Will be a new rail terminal for the HS2 project in the heart of both the city and national rail network.
- Predicted to open in 2026
- City council believes the Curzon will generate a cumulative GDP impact of £3.1b and economic output of £1.4b
- Will allow much faster in and out the city for a wider range of people
151
Flagship development definition.
A single large, prestigious project which is the cornerstone of regeneration.
152
Legacy definition.
A strategy which aims to us the success of a previous major event to continue the regeneration.
153
Events definition.
The use of a major cultural occasion as the impetus for further development of a place.
154
What does the Big City Plan in Birmingham aim to do?
- It aims to encourage and support Birmingham's transformation into a world class city centre
155
What year was the Big City Plan launched in Birmingham, and how long does it aim to last for?
- 2010
| - 20 years
156
What is the predicted cost of the Big City Plan in Birmingham?
£10bn
157
How much bigger will Birmingham's inner city core become with the Big City Plan?
25%
158
How many new homes are being built in Birmingham as part of the Big City Plan?
5,000
159
How many new jobs will be provided in Birmingham as a result of the Big City Plan?
50,000
160
What will the economic boost to Birmingham's city centre per year?
£2bn a year
161
Rebranding: Architecture - The Old Library of Birmingham.
Year of completion.
Description of appearance.
Why did it need replacing?
Was built in 1973.
It was an example of brutalist architecture, colourless, repetitive, graffitied, ugly, concrete, dull, boring, square.
It added to the industrial and rundown view of Birmingham, making it an undesirable place to live or visit. By replacing the library tourism will increase and the perspective of Birmingham would be changed.
162
Rebranding: Architecture - The New Library of Birmingham.
Dates of construction starting, ending & opening.
Cost.
Location.
Size.
Attractions/ features.
Similarities & differences to the old library.
Architect.
Construction started: 7th January 2010.
Construction completed: April 2013.
Opened: 3rd September 2013.
Cost: £188.8 million.
Location: East of the city centre, slightly southern. Next to the A4540. Surrounded by the national sea life centre, O2 academy, Bull ring and grand central.
Size: 31,000sq metres, 10 floors, 2 outdoor terraces, theatre has 300 seats.
Attractions: viewing gallery, panoramic views, children spaces, 2 outdoor terraces, studio theatre for music, drama, poetry reading and story telling.
Similarities & difference to the old library: Cube shape theme remains. Completely different colours and style (no concrete), modern architecture with bright colours brining life to the area.
Architect: Francine Houben.
163
Overview of Brindleyplace - Birmingham
- Completed in 2009
- includes new urban neighbourhood, bringing together shops, offices, homes, leisure facilities and public spaces in a canal side setting.
- Community minded area
- Aims to further reputation as 24-hour city.
164
Overview of Birmingham New Street Station and Grand Central Project
- Took 5 years and cost £750m for combined projects
- Grand central provides 200,000sq ft of additional retail space
- Scheme has created 1000 new jobs
- Provided substantial boost to city's economy and infrastructure
- Visually appealing and modern station is important for the image of the city (often first impression people coming into the city will have)
165
Overview of the Library of Birmingham
- New library in centenary square
- Cost £193m
- Seen by the council as the flagship project of the redevelopment of Birmingham
- Library holds 800,000 books - set to become largest in Britain
166
What will the Birmingham Curzon be? (not yet completed)
- Will be a new rail terminal for the HS2 project in the heart of both the city and national rail network.
- Predicted to open in 2026
- City council believes the Curzon will generate a cumulative GDP impact of £3.1b and economic output of £1.4b
- Wi
167
7 ways in which the library encourages mixed community use:
1) Encourages a wide range of people to enter the city via tourism.
2) Encourages different businesses from all over the country and world to set up doe to linked with the library and university. New cultures and products.
3) Many migrants coming to the UK will consider Birmingham as a good place to live seeing a more diverse population.
4) Provides new jobs which need to be used.
5) The train station provides access from all over the country.
6) There is disabled access and activities such as ping pong and soft play areas for children.
7) There’s a wide range of activities from poetry and computer programming.
168
Rebranding: Transport - Airports.
Where is the airport?
How many passengers annually?
What do the council wish to do and how much will it cost?
What will it do for the airport?
What will it do for the rest of Birmingham?
Birmingham ham international Airport is located 8 miles east of Birminghams city centre.
The airport flies 12.5 million passengers annually.
Birmingham was to spend £100m on a new baggage handling system and 2 new car parks at their airport.
They want to improve efficiency to encourage another million passengers annually and expand their connections as Jet2 want to have 4 planes there with 15 destinations.
This will benefit Birmingham by allowing the city to become more interconnected with the world. It will promote tourism to the area and increase trade encouraging businesses. Investment will increase and more jobs are available.
169
Rebranding: Transport - Motorways.
Describe the directions of the major roads around Birmingham.
M5: part of the ring road on the west of Birmingham.
M42: part of the ring road on the south and west of Birmingham.
M38 and M6: North of Birmingham and part of the ring road.
M40: far south which leads into the M42.
M6 Toll: North east turns into the M42 as you get nearer Birmingham.
170
What is the 2016 vs 1980s unemployment rate in Birmingham
6.5% - 2016
| 20% for 80s
171
How many visitors visit the Mailbox each year?
30m
172
What will the impact of HS2 be on Birmingham?
- reduced travel time to London: 1h21m to 49m
| - Integrate Birmingham in Europe's high speed rail network by making it more accessible
173
Rebranding: Transport - Railways.
Describe the location of the 3 railway stations.
Which one is used to get to London?
Snow hill - just North of the city centre
Moore street - east of the city centre
New street - south of the city centre
New Street.
174
Rebranding: Transport - Railways.
Possible improvement for Birmingham’s rail infrastructure in the coming decades?
Curzon street station will have links with HS2 which will deliver much-needed extra capacity and better journeys for the millions of people that use the station.
You can get to London in 52 mins rather than 2hrs.
It will give people more choice as to where they work and live hopefully brining more money into Birmingham.
175
What does the term soft rebranding mean?
Reinventing a buisness or place for economic reasons through events or changes in a brand, without moving to far away from the original identity.
176
What evidence is there of Birmingham's soft rebranding?
- Started marketing the city as 'Greater Birmingham': This gives a sense of new and better place.
- Improvement in buildings and architecture
- new and better buisnesses such as John Lewis to improve retail oppertunitunities
- Hosting 2022 Commonwealth games
- Improvement of Edgbaston cricket ground
177
Rebranding: Transport - Railways.
Regeneration of New street station.
How much did it cost and how long did it take?
What are the key changes - number of trains, access?
What will the station lead to the creation of?
The redevelopment cost £708m and took 5 years to complete.
There will be 9 trains per hour and the station will maximise benefit from natural resources. There will be space for 250 bicycles.
It will lead to the creation of several new neighbourhoods with almost 150 hectares, 4000 homes and 36,000 jobs.
178
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - The EU investment.
Hints: Total investment, is funding continued, how cut funding in how many projects over how long, significance and when they began investment, how much was invested into what 2 major projects, what have the EU supported the local council on.
Total investment of around £1bn into Birmingham. No more funding due to Brexit.
Focusing on the built & natural environment and culture.
Have invested £87m in 27 projects in the last 5 years.
Kick started and inspired other developments - first to invest in 1991.
Invested £30m for a refurbishment on the National Exhibition centre - home to Crufts and now the busiest exhibition space in Europe.
The Eu paid £50m for the International Convention Centre and symphony hall.
Opened in 1991.
Hosted the G8 Summit in 1998 & the Tory Party Conference.
The EU have also supported the local councils ambitious aim of reducing carbon levels by 3 billion tonnes by 2027.
179
How is Birmingham viewed as a sporting city in the UK?
- Not renowned as a major sporting city: This has started to change as a result of cricket and athletics rising in the city
- Birmingham is hoping to improve its sporting status and facilities through hosting the Commonwealth Games 2022
180
Birmingham 2022 Facts
- Biggest sporting event awarded to the UK since London Olympics 2012
- Alexander stadium capacity increased from 12k to 25k
- Cost £750m (£190m from local council, £560m from Government)
- 22k jobs over 4 years
- £25m spent on city centre regeneration
181
Birmingham 2022 Facts
- Biggest sporting event awarded to the UK since London Olympics 2012
- Alexander stadium capacity increased from 12k to 25k
- Cost £750m (£190m from local council, £560m from Government)
- 22k jobs over 4 years
- £25m spent on city centre regeneration
-
182
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - The Local government’s investment.
Also mention the National government.
Pitches for big events - Common wealth games.
European and international affairs team.
Overseen everything - campaigned and requested money starting investment.
Individually haven’t invested lots only gained investment and helped advertise.
National government also encouraged HS2 promoting a 50 min train from London to Birmingham.
183
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - The Big City Plan.
When it started. For how long. How much will it cost. Key projects.
20 year period started in 2010.
£10bn project.
Building of new homes, network railways, changing the built environment of the city centre and economic boosts.
184
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - Charity investment - The Canal river trust.
Hints: how many supporters, when was it set up, how much money per year, how much time and for what aims, how many boats.
22,000 supporters and set up in 2012 with £3m donations per year.
Volunteers gave 140,000 days of time to reopen canals and support museums or attractions.
Birmingham has more canals than Venice with 33k licences boats and aims to aid the preservation of national water ways.
185
Why is examining whether Birmingham is a 24 hour city a good criteria for judging the success of the rebranding?
- More jobs - source of jobs and income for the city
- Revitalization of public space - it allows the revitalisation of areas in the city
- Safety - a 24-hour city is often safer
- Foster tourism - a city with vibrant nightlife is much more attractive to tourists
- Sense of belonging - cities with nightlife create a greater sense of belonging
186
What are 3 things that show Birmingham's regeneration has not been successful
- Still many deprived areas in the city, and often still seen as dirty
- Not enough national reach
- All projects are in city centre - creating inequality
187
Why is promoting mixed community a good criteria to judge the success of Birminghams rebranding?
- A successful city doesn't exclude any communities. It is inclusive of them.
- A successful city is one that is used and enjoyed by a wide range of communities (ages, ethnicities, religions, socio-economic groups etc).
188
Does data sourrounding population in Birmingham suggest that the rebranding has been successful?
- Yes, there has been a consistent recent growth in population, meaning this is a growing economic hub that people want to live in.
- The diversity shows people are coming from all over the country and world to live in Birmingham.
189
Why is examining whether Birmingham is a 24 hour city a good criteria for judging the success of the rebranding?
- More jobs - source of jobs and income for the city
| - Revitalization of public space
190
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - Not For Profit Organisations (Bottom up) - City of colours street art festival.
How many people, cost, positives, where it took place.
More that 8500 people took part funded by themselves costing £35,000.
It brought people across the country to Birmingham, adds culture and vibrancy, encourages new + old artist to express themselves leading to job opportunities.
An example is the transformation of the Custard Factory.
191
Does evidence suggest the rebranding has been widely liked by the people of Birmingham?
- There haven't been large protests to the rebranding - most people like it.
- many arguments that money has been invested wrongly.
- arguments that the centre is too focused, but a successful centre may mean a successful Birmingham.
192
Why is promoting mixed community a good criteria to judge the success of Birminghams rebranding?
- A successful city doesn't exclude any communities. It is inclusive of them.
- A successful city is one that is used and enjoyed by a wide range of communities (ages, ethnicities, religions, socio-economic groups etc).
193
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - Heritage associations investment.
What do they do? When was it established?
Hippodrome heritage & the museum of jewellery quater.
Protect the past characteristics such as architecture, can be national bodies (National trust).
Birminghams Heritage forum was established in 1991.
They coordinate meetings and share best particle whilst assisting the public.
HIPPODROME HERITAGE
Preserves memories & memorabilia in Birmingham.
Theatre opened for 115 years.
THE MUSEUM OF THE JEWELLERY QUATER
100 Percival it’s retailers.
Over 800 businesses.
50 contemporary design makers.
194
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - Residents associations investment.
What are they? How do they work?
How long have they been around for and why?
How many are there in Birmingham and what is the most active one?
They are organisations formed by groups of people from a specific geographic community who came together to address issues within their local area and act as a voice for the community.
Most have positions that are decided by nominations and can be challenged in an annual general meeting.
Been around since the 19th century mostly due to urban expansion.
In central Birmingham there are 25 the most active being Digbeth residents association.
195
Has the rebranding changed how people view Birmingham?
- Perceptions of Birmingham have improved by a third in 5 years
- It will probably take a generation to determine if peoples views have been changed.
- For many people have already made their mind up for Birmingham
- Tourists are coming in large numbers, and the 50% increase in Airport capacity over the next 10 year is a testament to more international tourists.
196
Does evidence suggest the rebranding has promoted mixed community use in Birmingham
Yes it has allowed new people into areas, and while there are more white people in the city centre, people living in the outskirts of all ethnicities are still able to benefit from these projects.
197
Why is seeing how much contest to rebranding taking place in Birmingham a good measure of the success of rebranding in the city?
- A successful city is celebrated and enjoyed by all
| - If rebranding is successful, large percentages of people are on board with the changes made
198
What are some of the contest arguments against rebranding in Birmingham?
- Too much of a clone town:
gentrification has brought in large TNCs with smaller companies being kicked out due to high rent
- Money invested in the wrong sectors:
- Unemployment rates amongst the worst in UK
Argument: should money be invested in helping
get these people jobs?
Counter argument: These big projects are
creating jobs and long term the city's population
will benefit. And 6% is better than the 20% seen in
the city in the 1980s
- Infant Mortality rates are 12/1000, double UK
average
Argument: Local hospitals are underfunded
Counter argument: Bringing in big businesses will
generate more taxes to help fund future hospital
improvements
- Homelessness rates in city centre > 50 people
Argument: This shows that people have been
priced out of Birmingham because of
gentrification
Counter argument: Homelessness is more
complicated than this and many of these people
would have been homeless irrespective of the
rebranding
Top down vs bottom up
- Rebranding has focused around building big flagship projects (Library, New Street Station) in a small part of the city centre.
- Some people think that success of these projects will have trickle down effects to other parts of the city. - Others think the periphery of the city is being left behind and the projects will widen inequality across the city.
199
Players & placemaking in Birmingham - The Greater Birmingham & Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership (GBSLEP) investment. (Top down)
What do they do? When were they established? Who is on the board? What area does it cover and how many people? Responsible for how many jobs? Responsible for what cost of goods and services?
1 of 39 local enterprise partnerships set up by the government to drive economic development.
- they are voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses, determine local economy priorities through government funding.
Established in 2011.
The board is made up from representatives from public and private sectors - a mix.
Current chair is Steve Hollis - former chairman of KPMG & Aston Villa.
Covers Birmingham & Solihull area with a population of 2m.
Responsible for 835,000 jobs.
Good and services are worth £34bn in the region.
200
Why is it important if the flagship projects are successful?
If the flagship projects are successful, then it is less important if the bring wider benefits. However, they are most successful if they support themselves and the local community.
201
Has the Library in Birmingham been a success?
- won a series of architectural awards, but most importantly won the most popular building on the Stirling Prize.
- Successful in an era of closing libraries and eBooks
- Named as one of the top 10 most visited attractions in the UK - first time something outside London
- 2.4m visitors in first year, <1m in second year
- Initially open for 73 hours a week, but now only 40 to save costs
202
Has the Birmingham New St station been a success?
- Station universally accepted as a success, but retail part has been less successful.
- John Lewis, the flagship store, has been closed
- Useful in changing perceptions of the city
203
Has the rebranding changed how people view Birmingham?
- Perceptions of Birmingham have improved by a third in 5 years
- It will probably take
204
Why is how people view the city important?
- It was a key reason why so much money was invested.
| - If people dont change their opinions, it is less likely they will visit or move to Birmingham
Geo: Changing Spaces Making Places
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