1
Q
definition of a place
A
a location with meaning, memory, opinion or emotional attachment associated with it
2
Q
example of a place
A
your house has memory and feelings and emotions ( a place) but a random house you’ve never been in (a space)
3
Q
definition of a space
A
a physical location with no meaning associated with it
4
Q
example of a space
A
a random spot in Atlantic ocean
5
Q
how do we experience place
A
- visit location and form meaning and attachment
- informal representation e.g. film, song
- formal representation e.g ONS data
6
Q
characteristics affecting how we feel in a location
A
- gender
- ethnicity
- age
- pregnancy
- sexuality
- disability
7
Q
how are places represented
A
- informal
- formal
8
Q
formal representations
A
- best known is the census
- reliable statistics e.g. crime rates
9
Q
informal representations
A
- TV, film, music, art, photos, online information
10
Q
differences between formal and informal representations
A
- formal ( quantitative) aim to be reliable and objective. upto data statistics are important for government spending and planning
- informal (qualitative) made by people outside of the power structure. raise voices of minorities. e.g. tourism and soap operas
11
Q
bias definition
A
- prejudice for or against one person or group
- mainly in a way that’s unfair
12
Q
bias in representations
A
- might develop to or against people or nations
- informal is more likely to be biased
13
Q
characteristics of a place profile
A
- physical geography
- demography
- socio economic
- cultural
- political
- built environments
14
Q
factors influencing perceptions of places
A
- age
- gender
- sexuality
- religion
15
Q
how does age affect the perception of a place
A
- perceptions change as you get older
- people move through life cycle
- change of income, residence, and opinions of some places
16
Q
how does gender affect perceptions of a place
A
- different societies have different roles for men and women
17
Q
how does sexuality affect perception of a place
A
- some places gain meaning as that’s where LGBTQ tend to cluster
- other places have LGBTQ ‘zones’
18
Q
how does religion affect perception of a place
A
- some natural landscapes are important for religions
- religious ties with buildings
19
Q
social inequalities are differences based on…
A
- age
- ethnicity
- gender
- religion
- education
- wealth
disparities exist in all societies based on these factors, they raise moral questions about inequalities
20
Q
the postcode lottery
A
- where ones life should not be a determinant of citizen rights.
- but in many countries l, and particularly in urban centres, the QOL varied from one area to another
21
Q
what is quality of life
A
- QOL
- extent to which people’s needs and desires are met
22
Q
what is standard of living
A
- the ability to access services and goods to fill basic needs
23
Q
what is deprivation
A
- where QOL and SOL are both low
- refers to general lack of resources and opportunities
24
Q
how to measure social inequality
A
- UK government uses Index if Multiple Deprivation
- this uses 7 seven factors to give an overall score
- small scale LSOA e.g. census can be ranked based on the index of multiple deprivation
25
what factors is index of multiple deprivation based on
- income
- employment
- health
- education
- crime
- housing
- living environment e.g. air condition
26
urban cycle in ACs
- rural to urban migration or natural increase
- urban growth and urbanisation. deteriorating social and environmental conditions
- counter urbanisation to edge of cities or rural areas so less live in city
- dereliction as wealthy have moved out
- regeneration/gentrification lead to reurbanisation
27
theoretical city structure in ACs
- suburbs
- inner city
- CBD (central business development)
- inner city
- suburbs
CBD in middle so all transport systems meet there and for easy commuting
28
income - social inequality poverty
- World Banks definition of poverty is US$1.25/day. below this, people can't afford to buy minimum amount of essentials
- useful as it relates to poverty across the population
29
housing - social inequality
- closely related to income
- housing tenures
- ACs have mainly mortgages
- LIDCs normally have landlord and tenants or rent
30
education - social inequality
- differences in literacy can show inequality in education
- globally, lots of inequalities, mainly with gender ties
31
health care - social inequality
- influenced by a number of things
- NHS, number of doctors per 1000 people
- clean water, sanitation, quality and quantity of diet, housing, air quality
32
factors showing how and why Patterson of inequality vary
- wealth
- housing
- health
- education
- access to services
33
how and why patterns of inequality vary
it is the interaction of several factors which lead to spatial patterns of inequality
34
wealth - how and why patterns of inequality vary
- key factor is disposable income levels
- lack of formal qualification and cost of living are also factors
35
housing - how and why patterns of inequality vary
- poor quality housing can lead to ill health
- urbanisation can mean authorities are overwhelmed by the high demand and fail to meet the demand
36
health - how and why patterns of inequality vary
- poor housing, poor diet, unhealthy lifestyle
- limited access for the elderly or people without cars (mainly in rural areas)
37
education - how and why patterns of inequality vary
- illiteracy leads to no access to education
38
what is the case study for social inequality in ACs
London
39
why is London considered a place
- UK's major source of wealth
- royal family and palaces
- landmarks e.g. big Ben
- diversity
- Blitz
40
londons pattern of social inequality
it doesn't fit the pattern of deprived inner city and affluent suburban ring
41
transport and development in londons suburbs
- great eastern ran cheap trains for workmen
- horse trams and buses developed in 1870s and 1880s
- first electric tube railway in 1890
- motor buses came just before WW1
- workers in shops/offices were paid with regular salaries and therefore could but own houses
42
transport and development in londons suburbs
- great eastern ran cheap trains for workmen
- horse trams and buses developed in 1870s and 1880s
- first electric tube railway in 1890
- motor buses came just before WW1
- workers in shops/offices were paid with regular salaries and therefore could but own houses
43
globalisation definition
- growing interconnectivity of world through technology, knowledge, goods and people
44
factors influencing globalisation
- culture
- industry
- global food production system (climate change)
- flow of knowledge
- efficient and refrigerated transport
- flow of people
45
types of job sectors
- primary (extracting natural resources e.g. farmer)
- secondary (make things with resources e.g. factory worker)
- tertiary (provide services e.g. teacher and doctors)
- quaternary (advanced science/research e.g. scientist)
46
natural characteristics of a place case study - Lympstone
- small valley cut by Wotton Brooke
- tidal mudplains go into the estuary and are 1.5km wide
- small pebble and gravel beach
47
natural characteristics of a place case study - Toxteth
- land is formed from the banks of River Mersey
- stream flows from NE
- little foreshore
48
past characteristics of a place case study - Lympstone
- established by the Saxons
- in 1840, tourism attracted wealthy families
- time space compression led to wider market for their shellfish trade
49
past characteristics of a place case study - Toxteth
- Saxons had a small settlement
- greenfield site
- growth was due to increasing connections
50
demographic face of a local place case study - Lympstone
- top - heavy, elderly age structure
51
demographic face of a local place case study - Toxteth
- most aged 16 and 64
52
political characteristics of a local place case study - Lympstone
- Parish council (11 elected members)
- parliamentary constituency - one MP
53
political characteristics of a local place case study - Toxteth
- Part of Riverside Ward - 3 councillors
- Liverpool Riverside parliamentary constituency
54
built environment of a local place case study - lympstone
- middle of village, lots of strict planning rules
- local residents protect the architecture
55
built environment of a local place case study - Toxteth
- adapted by migrant community
- many buildings have changed their use
56
cultural profile of a local place case study - Toxteth
- culturally diverse
- Muslim, Eid, and Ramadan
- Christian Friday Prayers
57
cultural profile of a local place case study - Lympstone
- Follow the Christian Year
- Christmas, Easter, key times etc
58
case study for globalisation and impact of structural economic change
- located in southern Fransisco
- technological innovation hub and has many HQ of huge brans e.g. apple
- strong connections with Stanford UNI, so has a large grad pool
- annual profit of around $275 billion
- workers earn minimum wage and are exposed to dangerous conitions
59
Kondratieff waves
- used in capitalist economy
- represents high growth and low growth economic periods
- approximately a 50 year economic cycle
- links cycles of growth and stagnation with technological innovation
- once tech isn't new there is a period of boom, then recession
60
cycle of the wave of innovation
- early adopters (risk takers)
- tech is unreliable, so some early adopters loose money
- as wave progresses, tech is more reliable
- at the crest - everyone has adopted the tech
- BUT, if the tech works, you out compete everyone else (max profit)
- peak wave - all adopted, loss of competitive advantage
- companies and customers in debt
- downward wave - recession - job loss, company goes bankrupt
- overtaken/ outcompeted by early adopter of next wave
- cycle starts again
61
centres of innovation - core regions
- technical innovation isnt evenly distributed
- centres of innovation and their inhabitants often benefit from above average economic growth
- multiplier effect is strong here
62
what is the multiplier effect
refers to the process where an initial change in spending (e.g. investment or government expenditure) leads to a greater overall increase in economic activity
- occurs because the initial spendings creates income for businesses and workers, who then spend a portion of that income on goods and services, further stimulating the economy
63
what is recession in the Kondratieff waves of innovation
a period of economic decline or stagnation
64
how places become core regions
investors (individual)
- investors - source of local finance
- physical material - local or transport (costly)
- fuel
- labour force - need dense population
65
impact of structural economic change on people
- 50 yrs ago - manufacturing in mainly west Europe and north America
- raw materials e.g. copper exported from Zambia and Brazil
- from 1980s - New International Division of Labour (NIDL) got bigger as TNCs created labour intensive factories
- Global shift - due to this economic change, led to loss of employment (primary and secondary) in ACs as their comparative advantage declines
- ACs transform into post-industrial societies where most work in tertiary and quaternary sectors
66
effects of structural economic change on places
- dereliction of old factories - abandoned
- polluted land - Global effects of harmful gases
- more difficult to have other businesses move in due to global effects, so hard to make money
- unemployment - population structure changes
67
what is global shift
relocation of manufacturing production on a global scale
68
what is the case study for structural economic change
Birmingham
69
Birmingham geographical details
- located in the west midlands
- 1.1 million. population
- 2nd largest UK city after London
- crossed by Britain's main north-South watershed, but is only drained by minor rivers and brooks
70
players driving the economic change in Birmingham from medieval to 1950s
- 12th century - De Birmingham Family made a market by their manor after getting a royal charter from King Henry - made it into a market town
- 1761 - Matthew Bolton - Soho Manufacturing - employed 700 people
- Cadbury family 1870 - built model village to try and raise wellbeing of the workers
- led to increase in rural -urban migration and terrace housing and deteriorated environment conditions
71
what did De Birmingham Family do in the economic change in Birmingham?
- in 12th century
- made a market by their manor after receiving a royal charter from King Henry
- this made Birmingham into market town
72
what did Matthew Boulton do in the economic change in Birmingham?
- 1761
- he created the first manufacturing line - Soho Manufacturing
- he employed 700 people
73
how many people did Matthew Boulton employ in Soho manufacturing?
700 people
74
what did Cadbury Family do in the economic change in Birmingham?
He built a model village to try and raise the wellbeing of workers.
This led to increase in rural-urban migration, and terrace housing and deteriorated environment coniditons
75
76
who are the players in Birmingham's regeneration?
- Government
- Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation 1992
- EU
- flagships
- transport routes
77
players driving the Birmingham industrial decline from 1970s onwards
- 1973 petroleum exporting countries stop supplying oil to west countries due to arab-isreali war
-TNCs provided cheap cars (Japanese manufacturing)
- due to car manufacturing declining, there was lots of strikes (British Leyland)
- trade unions shit down factories
- Government gave tax breaks to companies to attract TNCs in areas with high unemployment (Nissan in Sunderland)
- after ww11, lots of international migration due to economic opportunities, so new services to support migrants
- car manufacturing led to increase transport and therefore urban sprawl
78
role of the government in birminghams regeneration
- developed National Exhibition Centre
- expansion of Birmingham airport - easier to extract major international exhibitors, bringing in lots of money
- Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation
- abandoned power stations
- bordesley village
79
why was Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation set up in 1992
- to regenerate industrial areas of Birmingham
- £100 million by government
- £200 million from private investors and the EU
80
what was Birminghams abandoned power stations regenerated into
- 'star city'
- new investors e.g. cinema, shops
81
role of EU in birminghams regeneration
- city council gained funds for projects
- EU social investments funds gave £235 million for social factors
82
what are flagships
- reasons people visit the area for
83
Birmingham flagships
- Bullring shopping centre (key hub for retail, socio economic benefits)
- victoria square as a place for people to visit
- symphony haul home to orchestra - change cultural face to be more sophisticated so attracts more people
- creates multiplier effects
- National indoor arena hosted large sporting events
84
environmental factors influencing Birmingham regeneration
canals were cleaned for tourists
85
role of transport in Birmingham regeneration
- M5, M42, M6 links to A1 so easily connected to other places
- New Railway, 700 million investment - refurbishment of a shopping centre
- H32 links to London - better connection so easier trade
- Birmingham Curzon Street new proposed stations in 2026 - help develop surrounding areas
86
what is place making
- people at different scales can be the architects that design their space to fit the needs of community, therefore making it a place
87
why does a place matter
- inequalities can't be addressed if we don't study places - don't have understanding of people's experiences
- world population of 8 billion so world is very interconnected
88
who's involved in making a place
- government
- local communities/residents
- TNC
- planners and architects
89
what is global shift
locational movement of manufacturing productions from ACs to LIDCs or EDC
90
what is gentrification
when low income, inner city housing areas are invaded by high income groups and are refurbished
91
what is a places brand
popular image the place has
can be objective (formal) or subjective (informal)
a places brand can help to attract investments
92
what is rebeanding
reworking a city's identity but sometimes creating a whole new image
93
what are the 3 pillars of rebranding
- brand artefact (physical environment, reuse brownfield sites)
- brandscape (comparison to other cities)
- brand essence (living/working in the city)
94
why did barcelona need to rebrand
- industrial change and urban issues meant some of Barcelonas districts were in decline by 1970s
- very high population density (1 million in 1930)
- General Franco's regime heavily oppressed Catalan region and culture
95
what strategies were used in Barcelonas rebranding process
- role of sport
- role of culture
-role of business
96
role of sport in barcelonas rebranding process
- 1992 Olympic games - generate city-wide developments, presented to inhabitants as a 'one city' exercise. Aimed to unite the city around a public projects
- Barcelona Football Club strengthened sense of community, flagship location, Nou Camo holds 98,000 spectators
97
role of culture in Barcelonas rebranding process
- distinctive architecture of Antoni Gaudi gave buildings that are recognized worldwide
- city used universal forum of cultures to promote regeneration and reimaging of the city
98
role of business in barcelonas rebranding process
- 'Strategic Metropolitan Plan of Barcelona - Vision 2000', aimed to position city as an attractive region for innovative global talent and economic growth
- In 2014, it became the european capital of innovation
99
Rebranding process in El Raval Barcelona
- Museum of Contemporary Art
- private university
- Barcelo raval Hotel
- casa Camper Hotel
- 1995 raval Rambla project - 1700 properties demolished, made space for tree-lined, pedestrianized area
100
what players were involved in barcelonas rebranding process
- national government
- international bodies
- individuals
101
national government role in Barcelonas rebranding
- olympics
- barcelona football club
- strategic metropolitan plan of barcelona - vision 2000
102
international bodies role in barcelona rebranding
- UNESCO world heritage sites
- EU Innovation Capital
- Raval Rabala 80% EU funded
103
individuals role in barcelona rebranding
- distinctive architecture of Antoni Gaudi
104
how has rebranding altered peoples perceptions of barcelona
seen as more environmentally friendly due to more green spaces and the destruction of unattractive, run down factories
105
why might barcelonas rebranding be seen as successful
- socio-economic gains for locals and visitors shown by figures for education, employment, health and crime
106
why might barcelonas rebranding be seen as unsuccessful
- gentrification
- wealther people = different persepctives on management of areas
- social tension due to employment opportunities in demand from the better off
- high property prices - tension between poorer residents and landlords
107
what is brand artefect in rebranding
- the physical environment
- re use of brownfields sites
- e.g. birmingham docks
108
what is brandscape in rebranding
- the comparison to other citites
- local/regional/national
109
what is brand essence in rebranding
- living or working in the city
- visiting the city
- peoples experiences of a place
- e.g. going to leeds for its nightlife
110
what are the case studies for social inequality?
Jembatan Besi, Indonesia (EDC)
Northwood, California (AC)
111
what is the context of Jembatan Besi, Indonesia
- EDC
- 267 million population
- 10.6 million live in the Capital
- 1/4 live in slum settlements
- Jakarta (city) has population of 31000 living in area of 0.523km2
112
how much of Jembatan Besi's population live in slum?
1/4 of the 267 million population
113
what is the housing like in Jembatan Besi?
- most homes are timber and brick, normally self made
- construction is dangerous with many storeys
- houses have little lighting and use illegal electric lighting which is a major fire risk
114
what is the socio economic conditions in Jembatan Besi?
- government doesn't have the money or resources to cope with the number of people living there
- the average income is US$4 a day and it isn't regular
- employment isn't secure with many being self employed
- few homes have toilets or sanitation
115
what are the future plans for Jembatan Besi?
- the government are trying to make inroads but planning is difficult and nonexistent in slums
- 392 slums are identified to be improved
- slums clearance for rebuilding has led to relocation
116
how many slums are identified to be imporved in Jembatan Besi?
392
117
what is the context of Northwood?
- 10km East of Newport Beach
- 49,000 living in 18,000 houses
- 1/2 of the households are families wirh children
118
what is the housing like in Northwood?
- 91% own their own home
- household average is 2.8 people
- 2/3 have lived there for more than 10 years
- streets are lined with trees
119
what are the socio economic conditions in Northwood?
- income is $113,603 a year whilst national average is €63,179
- TNCs have many headquarters in Irvine
- Good health care
- 68.5% aged 25+ have first degree
- crime is 61% lower than average
120
what is the income in Jembatan Besi?
$4 a day
121
what is the income in Northwood?
$113,603 a year
122
what is the future plans in Northwood?
- high pay
- high quality homes, transport, education and easy access to beaches means its the opposite end of the economic spectrum to Jembatan Besi
human geography
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